LCOV - code coverage report
Current view: top level - alg - gdaltransformer.cpp (source / functions) Hit Total Coverage
Test: gdal_filtered.info Lines: 1671 1891 88.4 %
Date: 2025-05-20 14:45:53 Functions: 62 66 93.9 %

          Line data    Source code
       1             : /******************************************************************************
       2             :  *
       3             :  * Project:  Mapinfo Image Warper
       4             :  * Purpose:  Implementation of one or more GDALTrasformerFunc types, including
       5             :  *           the GenImgProj (general image reprojector) transformer.
       6             :  * Author:   Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
       7             :  *
       8             :  ******************************************************************************
       9             :  * Copyright (c) 2002, i3 - information integration and imaging
      10             :  *                          Fort Collin, CO
      11             :  * Copyright (c) 2008-2013, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
      12             :  * Copyright (c) 2021, CLS
      13             :  *
      14             :  * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
      15             :  ****************************************************************************/
      16             : 
      17             : #include "cpl_port.h"
      18             : #include "gdal_alg.h"
      19             : #include "gdal_alg_priv.h"
      20             : 
      21             : #include <climits>
      22             : #include <cmath>
      23             : #include <cstddef>
      24             : #include <cstdlib>
      25             : #include <cstring>
      26             : 
      27             : #include <algorithm>
      28             : #include <limits>
      29             : #include <utility>
      30             : 
      31             : #include "cpl_conv.h"
      32             : #include "cpl_error.h"
      33             : #include "cpl_list.h"
      34             : #include "cpl_minixml.h"
      35             : #include "cpl_multiproc.h"
      36             : #include "cpl_string.h"
      37             : #include "cpl_vsi.h"
      38             : #include "gdal.h"
      39             : #include "gdal_priv.h"
      40             : #include "ogr_core.h"
      41             : #include "ogr_spatialref.h"
      42             : #include "ogr_srs_api.h"
      43             : 
      44             : CPL_C_START
      45             : void *GDALDeserializeGCPTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree);
      46             : void *GDALDeserializeTPSTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree);
      47             : void *GDALDeserializeGeoLocTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree);
      48             : void *GDALDeserializeRPCTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree);
      49             : void *GDALDeserializeHomographyTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree);
      50             : CPL_C_END
      51             : 
      52             : static CPLXMLNode *GDALSerializeReprojectionTransformer(void *pTransformArg);
      53             : static void *GDALDeserializeReprojectionTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree);
      54             : 
      55             : static CPLXMLNode *GDALSerializeGenImgProjTransformer(void *pTransformArg);
      56             : static void *GDALDeserializeGenImgProjTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree);
      57             : 
      58             : static void *GDALCreateApproxTransformer2(GDALTransformerFunc pfnRawTransformer,
      59             :                                           void *pRawTransformerArg,
      60             :                                           double dfMaxErrorForward,
      61             :                                           double dfMaxErrorReverse);
      62             : 
      63             : /************************************************************************/
      64             : /*                            GDALIsTransformer()                       */
      65             : /************************************************************************/
      66             : 
      67       14469 : bool GDALIsTransformer(void *hTransformerArg, const char *pszClassName)
      68             : {
      69       14469 :     if (!hTransformerArg)
      70         556 :         return false;
      71             :     // All transformers should have a GDALTransformerInfo member as their first members
      72       13913 :     GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo =
      73             :         static_cast<GDALTransformerInfo *>(hTransformerArg);
      74       13913 :     return memcmp(psInfo->abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
      75       26932 :                   strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE)) == 0 &&
      76       26932 :            strcmp(psInfo->pszClassName, pszClassName) == 0;
      77             : }
      78             : 
      79             : /************************************************************************/
      80             : /*                          GDALTransformFunc                           */
      81             : /*                                                                      */
      82             : /*      Documentation for GDALTransformFunc typedef.                    */
      83             : /************************************************************************/
      84             : 
      85             : /*!
      86             : 
      87             : \typedef typedef int (*GDALTransformerFunc)( void *pTransformerArg, int
      88             : bDstToSrc, int nPointCount, double *x, double *y, double *z, int *panSuccess );
      89             : 
      90             : Generic signature for spatial point transformers.
      91             : 
      92             : This function signature is used for a variety of functions that accept
      93             : passed in functions used to transform point locations between two coordinate
      94             : spaces.
      95             : 
      96             : The GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer(), GDALCreateReprojectionTransformerEx(),
      97             : GDALCreateGCPTransformer() and GDALCreateApproxTransformer() functions can
      98             : be used to prepare argument data for some built-in transformers.  As well,
      99             : applications can implement their own transformers to the following signature.
     100             : 
     101             : \code
     102             : typedef int
     103             : (*GDALTransformerFunc)( void *pTransformerArg,
     104             :                         int bDstToSrc, int nPointCount,
     105             :                         double *x, double *y, double *z, int *panSuccess );
     106             : \endcode
     107             : 
     108             : @param pTransformerArg application supplied callback data used by the
     109             : transformer.
     110             : 
     111             : @param bDstToSrc if TRUE the transformation will be from the destination
     112             : coordinate space to the source coordinate system, otherwise the transformation
     113             : will be from the source coordinate system to the destination coordinate system.
     114             : 
     115             : @param nPointCount number of points in the x, y and z arrays.
     116             : 
     117             : @param[in,out] x input X coordinates.  Results returned in same array.
     118             : 
     119             : @param[in,out] y input Y coordinates.  Results returned in same array.
     120             : 
     121             : @param[in,out] z input Z coordinates.  Results returned in same array.
     122             : 
     123             : @param[out] panSuccess array of ints in which success (TRUE) or failure (FALSE)
     124             : flags are returned for the translation of each point. Must not be NULL.
     125             : 
     126             : @return TRUE if all points have been successfully transformed (changed in 3.11,
     127             : previously was TRUE if some points have been successfully transformed)
     128             : 
     129             : */
     130             : 
     131             : /************************************************************************/
     132             : /*                      GDALSuggestedWarpOutput()                       */
     133             : /************************************************************************/
     134             : 
     135             : /**
     136             :  * Suggest output file size.
     137             :  *
     138             :  * This function is used to suggest the size, and georeferenced extents
     139             :  * appropriate given the indicated transformation and input file.  It walks
     140             :  * the edges of the input file (approximately 20 sample points along each
     141             :  * edge) transforming into output coordinates in order to get an extents box.
     142             :  *
     143             :  * Then a resolution is computed with the intent that the length of the
     144             :  * distance from the top left corner of the output imagery to the bottom right
     145             :  * corner would represent the same number of pixels as in the source image.
     146             :  * Note that if the image is somewhat rotated the diagonal taken isn't of the
     147             :  * whole output bounding rectangle, but instead of the locations where the
     148             :  * top/left and bottom/right corners transform.  The output pixel size is
     149             :  * always square.  This is intended to approximately preserve the resolution
     150             :  * of the input data in the output file.
     151             :  *
     152             :  * The values returned in padfGeoTransformOut, pnPixels and pnLines are
     153             :  * the suggested number of pixels and lines for the output file, and the
     154             :  * geotransform relating those pixels to the output georeferenced coordinates.
     155             :  *
     156             :  * The trickiest part of using the function is ensuring that the
     157             :  * transformer created is from source file pixel/line coordinates to
     158             :  * output file georeferenced coordinates.  This can be accomplished with
     159             :  * GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer() by passing a NULL for the hDstDS.
     160             :  *
     161             :  * @param hSrcDS the input image (it is assumed the whole input image is
     162             :  * being transformed).
     163             :  * @param pfnTransformer the transformer function.
     164             :  * @param pTransformArg the callback data for the transformer function.
     165             :  * @param padfGeoTransformOut the array of six doubles in which the suggested
     166             :  * geotransform is returned.
     167             :  * @param pnPixels int in which the suggest pixel width of output is returned.
     168             :  * @param pnLines int in which the suggest pixel height of output is returned.
     169             :  *
     170             :  * @return CE_None if successful or CE_Failure otherwise.
     171             :  */
     172             : 
     173          41 : CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSuggestedWarpOutput(GDALDatasetH hSrcDS,
     174             :                                            GDALTransformerFunc pfnTransformer,
     175             :                                            void *pTransformArg,
     176             :                                            double *padfGeoTransformOut,
     177             :                                            int *pnPixels, int *pnLines)
     178             : 
     179             : {
     180          41 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hSrcDS, "GDALSuggestedWarpOutput", CE_Failure);
     181             : 
     182          41 :     double adfExtent[4] = {};
     183             : 
     184          41 :     return GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2(hSrcDS, pfnTransformer, pTransformArg,
     185             :                                     padfGeoTransformOut, pnPixels, pnLines,
     186          41 :                                     adfExtent, 0);
     187             : }
     188             : 
     189         563 : static bool GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2_MustAdjustForRightBorder(
     190             :     GDALTransformerFunc pfnTransformer, void *pTransformArg, double *padfExtent,
     191             :     int /* nPixels*/, int nLines, double dfPixelSizeX, double dfPixelSizeY)
     192             : {
     193         563 :     double adfX[21] = {};
     194         563 :     double adfY[21] = {};
     195             : 
     196         563 :     const double dfMaxXOut = padfExtent[2];
     197         563 :     const double dfMaxYOut = padfExtent[3];
     198             : 
     199             :     // Take 20 steps.
     200         563 :     int nSamplePoints = 0;
     201       12386 :     for (double dfRatio = 0.0; dfRatio <= 1.01; dfRatio += 0.05)
     202             :     {
     203             :         // Ensure we end exactly at the end.
     204       11823 :         if (dfRatio > 0.99)
     205         563 :             dfRatio = 1.0;
     206             : 
     207             :         // Along right.
     208       11823 :         adfX[nSamplePoints] = dfMaxXOut;
     209       11823 :         adfY[nSamplePoints] = dfMaxYOut - dfPixelSizeY * dfRatio * nLines;
     210       11823 :         nSamplePoints++;
     211             :     }
     212         563 :     double adfZ[21] = {};
     213             : 
     214         563 :     int abSuccess[21] = {};
     215             : 
     216         563 :     pfnTransformer(pTransformArg, TRUE, nSamplePoints, adfX, adfY, adfZ,
     217             :                    abSuccess);
     218             : 
     219         563 :     int abSuccess2[21] = {};
     220             : 
     221         563 :     pfnTransformer(pTransformArg, FALSE, nSamplePoints, adfX, adfY, adfZ,
     222             :                    abSuccess2);
     223             : 
     224         563 :     nSamplePoints = 0;
     225         563 :     int nBadCount = 0;
     226       12386 :     for (double dfRatio = 0.0; dfRatio <= 1.01; dfRatio += 0.05)
     227             :     {
     228       11823 :         const double expected_x = dfMaxXOut;
     229       11823 :         const double expected_y = dfMaxYOut - dfPixelSizeY * dfRatio * nLines;
     230       11823 :         if (!abSuccess[nSamplePoints] || !abSuccess2[nSamplePoints] ||
     231        9179 :             fabs(adfX[nSamplePoints] - expected_x) > dfPixelSizeX ||
     232        7889 :             fabs(adfY[nSamplePoints] - expected_y) > dfPixelSizeY)
     233             :         {
     234        3934 :             nBadCount++;
     235             :         }
     236       11823 :         nSamplePoints++;
     237             :     }
     238             : 
     239         563 :     return nBadCount == nSamplePoints;
     240             : }
     241             : 
     242         478 : static bool GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2_MustAdjustForBottomBorder(
     243             :     GDALTransformerFunc pfnTransformer, void *pTransformArg, double *padfExtent,
     244             :     int nPixels, int /* nLines */, double dfPixelSizeX, double dfPixelSizeY)
     245             : {
     246         478 :     double adfX[21] = {};
     247         478 :     double adfY[21] = {};
     248             : 
     249         478 :     const double dfMinXOut = padfExtent[0];
     250         478 :     const double dfMinYOut = padfExtent[1];
     251             : 
     252             :     // Take 20 steps.
     253         478 :     int nSamplePoints = 0;
     254       10516 :     for (double dfRatio = 0.0; dfRatio <= 1.01; dfRatio += 0.05)
     255             :     {
     256             :         // Ensure we end exactly at the end.
     257       10038 :         if (dfRatio > 0.99)
     258         478 :             dfRatio = 1.0;
     259             : 
     260             :         // Along right.
     261       10038 :         adfX[nSamplePoints] = dfMinXOut + dfPixelSizeX * dfRatio * nPixels;
     262       10038 :         adfY[nSamplePoints] = dfMinYOut;
     263       10038 :         nSamplePoints++;
     264             :     }
     265         478 :     double adfZ[21] = {};
     266             : 
     267         478 :     int abSuccess[21] = {};
     268             : 
     269         478 :     pfnTransformer(pTransformArg, TRUE, nSamplePoints, adfX, adfY, adfZ,
     270             :                    abSuccess);
     271             : 
     272         478 :     int abSuccess2[21] = {};
     273             : 
     274         478 :     pfnTransformer(pTransformArg, FALSE, nSamplePoints, adfX, adfY, adfZ,
     275             :                    abSuccess2);
     276             : 
     277         478 :     nSamplePoints = 0;
     278         478 :     int nBadCount = 0;
     279       10516 :     for (double dfRatio = 0.0; dfRatio <= 1.01; dfRatio += 0.05)
     280             :     {
     281       10038 :         const double expected_x = dfMinXOut + dfPixelSizeX * dfRatio * nPixels;
     282       10038 :         const double expected_y = dfMinYOut;
     283       10038 :         if (!abSuccess[nSamplePoints] || !abSuccess2[nSamplePoints] ||
     284        8112 :             fabs(adfX[nSamplePoints] - expected_x) > dfPixelSizeX ||
     285        7823 :             fabs(adfY[nSamplePoints] - expected_y) > dfPixelSizeY)
     286             :         {
     287        2215 :             nBadCount++;
     288             :         }
     289       10038 :         nSamplePoints++;
     290             :     }
     291             : 
     292         478 :     return nBadCount == nSamplePoints;
     293             : }
     294             : 
     295             : /************************************************************************/
     296             : /*                      GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2()                      */
     297             : /************************************************************************/
     298             : 
     299             : /**
     300             :  * Suggest output file size.
     301             :  *
     302             :  * This function is used to suggest the size, and georeferenced extents
     303             :  * appropriate given the indicated transformation and input file.  It walks
     304             :  * the edges of the input file (approximately 20 sample points along each
     305             :  * edge) transforming into output coordinates in order to get an extents box.
     306             :  *
     307             :  * Then a resolution is computed with the intent that the length of the
     308             :  * distance from the top left corner of the output imagery to the bottom right
     309             :  * corner would represent the same number of pixels as in the source image.
     310             :  * Note that if the image is somewhat rotated the diagonal taken isn't of the
     311             :  * whole output bounding rectangle, but instead of the locations where the
     312             :  * top/left and bottom/right corners transform.  The output pixel size is
     313             :  * always square.  This is intended to approximately preserve the resolution
     314             :  * of the input data in the output file.
     315             :  *
     316             :  * The values returned in padfGeoTransformOut, pnPixels and pnLines are
     317             :  * the suggested number of pixels and lines for the output file, and the
     318             :  * geotransform relating those pixels to the output georeferenced coordinates.
     319             :  *
     320             :  * The trickiest part of using the function is ensuring that the
     321             :  * transformer created is from source file pixel/line coordinates to
     322             :  * output file georeferenced coordinates.  This can be accomplished with
     323             :  * GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer() by passing a NULL for the hDstDS.
     324             :  *
     325             :  * @param hSrcDS the input image (it is assumed the whole input image is
     326             :  * being transformed).
     327             :  * @param pfnTransformer the transformer function.
     328             :  * @param pTransformArg the callback data for the transformer function.
     329             :  * @param padfGeoTransformOut the array of six doubles in which the suggested
     330             :  * geotransform is returned.
     331             :  * @param pnPixels int in which the suggest pixel width of output is returned.
     332             :  * @param pnLines int in which the suggest pixel height of output is returned.
     333             :  * @param padfExtent Four entry array to return extents as (xmin, ymin, xmax,
     334             :  * ymax).
     335             :  * @param nOptions Options flags. Zero or GDAL_SWO_ROUND_UP_SIZE  to ask *pnPixels
     336             :  * and *pnLines to be rounded up instead of being rounded to the closes integer, or
     337             :  * GDAL_SWO_FORCE_SQUARE_PIXEL to indicate that the generated pixel size is a square.
     338             :  *
     339             :  * @return CE_None if successful or CE_Failure otherwise.
     340             :  */
     341             : 
     342        1029 : CPLErr CPL_STDCALL GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2(GDALDatasetH hSrcDS,
     343             :                                             GDALTransformerFunc pfnTransformer,
     344             :                                             void *pTransformArg,
     345             :                                             double *padfGeoTransformOut,
     346             :                                             int *pnPixels, int *pnLines,
     347             :                                             double *padfExtent, int nOptions)
     348             : {
     349        1029 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hSrcDS, "GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2", CE_Failure);
     350             : 
     351             :     const bool bIsGDALGenImgProjTransform{
     352        2058 :         pTransformArg &&
     353        1029 :         GDALIsTransformer(pTransformArg, GDAL_GEN_IMG_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME)};
     354             : 
     355             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     356             :     /*      Setup sample points all around the edge of the input raster.    */
     357             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     358        1029 :     if (bIsGDALGenImgProjTransform)
     359             :     {
     360             :         // In case CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ has been modified.
     361        1029 :         GDALRefreshGenImgProjTransformer(pTransformArg);
     362             :     }
     363           0 :     else if (GDALIsTransformer(pTransformArg,
     364             :                                GDAL_APPROX_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
     365             :     {
     366             :         // In case CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ has been modified.
     367           0 :         GDALRefreshApproxTransformer(pTransformArg);
     368             :     }
     369             : 
     370        1029 :     const int nInXSize = GDALGetRasterXSize(hSrcDS);
     371        1029 :     const int nInYSize = GDALGetRasterYSize(hSrcDS);
     372             : 
     373             :     /* ------------------------------------------------------------- */
     374             :     /* Special case for warping on the same (or null) CRS.           */
     375             :     /* ------------------------------------------------------------- */
     376        1029 :     if ((!nOptions || (nOptions & GDAL_SWO_FORCE_SQUARE_PIXEL) == 0) &&
     377        1028 :         pTransformArg && bIsGDALGenImgProjTransform)
     378             :     {
     379        1028 :         const GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
     380             :             static_cast<const GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(pTransformArg);
     381             : 
     382        1028 :         if (!psInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformer &&
     383         955 :             !psInfo->bHasCustomTransformationPipeline &&
     384         951 :             !psInfo->sDstParams.pTransformer &&
     385         951 :             psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[2] == 0 &&
     386         951 :             psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[4] == 0 &&
     387         951 :             psInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[0] == 0 &&
     388         939 :             psInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[1] == 1 &&
     389         939 :             psInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[2] == 0 &&
     390         939 :             psInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[3] == 0 &&
     391         939 :             psInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[4] == 0 &&
     392         939 :             psInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[5] == 1)
     393             :         {
     394         939 :             const OGRSpatialReference *poSourceCRS = nullptr;
     395         939 :             const OGRSpatialReference *poTargetCRS = nullptr;
     396             : 
     397         939 :             if (psInfo->pReprojectArg)
     398             :             {
     399         671 :                 const GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *psRTI =
     400             :                     static_cast<const GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *>(
     401             :                         psInfo->pReprojectArg);
     402         671 :                 poSourceCRS = psRTI->poForwardTransform->GetSourceCS();
     403         671 :                 poTargetCRS = psRTI->poForwardTransform->GetTargetCS();
     404             :             }
     405             : 
     406        1610 :             if ((!poSourceCRS && !poTargetCRS) ||
     407         671 :                 (poSourceCRS && poTargetCRS &&
     408         671 :                  poSourceCRS->IsSame(poTargetCRS)))
     409             :             {
     410             : 
     411         616 :                 const bool bNorthUp{psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[5] <
     412             :                                     0.0};
     413             : 
     414         616 :                 memcpy(padfGeoTransformOut, psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform,
     415             :                        sizeof(double) * 6);
     416             : 
     417         616 :                 if (!bNorthUp)
     418             :                 {
     419          58 :                     padfGeoTransformOut[3] = padfGeoTransformOut[3] +
     420          58 :                                              nInYSize * padfGeoTransformOut[5];
     421          58 :                     padfGeoTransformOut[5] = -padfGeoTransformOut[5];
     422             :                 }
     423             : 
     424         616 :                 *pnPixels = nInXSize;
     425         616 :                 *pnLines = nInYSize;
     426             : 
     427             :                 // Calculate extent from hSrcDS
     428         616 :                 if (padfExtent)
     429             :                 {
     430         616 :                     padfExtent[0] = psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[0];
     431         616 :                     padfExtent[1] =
     432         616 :                         psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[3] +
     433         616 :                         nInYSize * psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[5];
     434         616 :                     padfExtent[2] =
     435         616 :                         psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[0] +
     436         616 :                         nInXSize * psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[1];
     437         616 :                     padfExtent[3] = psInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[3];
     438         616 :                     if (!bNorthUp)
     439             :                     {
     440          58 :                         std::swap(padfExtent[1], padfExtent[3]);
     441             :                     }
     442             :                 }
     443         616 :                 return CE_None;
     444             :             }
     445             :         }
     446             :     }
     447             : 
     448         413 :     const int N_PIXELSTEP = 50;
     449             :     int nSteps = static_cast<int>(
     450         413 :         static_cast<double>(std::min(nInYSize, nInXSize)) / N_PIXELSTEP + 0.5);
     451         413 :     if (nSteps < 20)
     452         388 :         nSteps = 20;
     453          25 :     else if (nSteps > 100)
     454          10 :         nSteps = 100;
     455             : 
     456             :     // TODO(rouault): How is this goto retry supposed to work?  Added in r20537.
     457             :     // Does redoing the same malloc multiple times work?  If it is needed, can
     458             :     // it be converted to a tigher while loop around the MALLOC3s and free?  Is
     459             :     // the point to try with the full requested steps.  Then, if there is not
     460             :     // enough memory, back off and try with just 20 steps?
     461         413 : retry:
     462         413 :     int nStepsPlusOne = nSteps + 1;
     463         413 :     int nSampleMax = nStepsPlusOne * nStepsPlusOne;
     464             : 
     465         413 :     double dfStep = 1.0 / nSteps;
     466         413 :     double *padfY = nullptr;
     467         413 :     double *padfZ = nullptr;
     468         413 :     double *padfYRevert = nullptr;
     469         413 :     double *padfZRevert = nullptr;
     470             : 
     471             :     int *pabSuccess = static_cast<int *>(
     472         413 :         VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(sizeof(int), nStepsPlusOne, nStepsPlusOne));
     473             :     double *padfX = static_cast<double *>(
     474         413 :         VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(sizeof(double) * 3, nStepsPlusOne, nStepsPlusOne));
     475             :     double *padfXRevert = static_cast<double *>(
     476         413 :         VSI_MALLOC3_VERBOSE(sizeof(double) * 3, nStepsPlusOne, nStepsPlusOne));
     477         413 :     if (pabSuccess == nullptr || padfX == nullptr || padfXRevert == nullptr)
     478             :     {
     479           0 :         CPLFree(padfX);
     480           0 :         CPLFree(padfXRevert);
     481           0 :         CPLFree(pabSuccess);
     482           0 :         if (nSteps > 20)
     483             :         {
     484           0 :             nSteps = 20;
     485           0 :             goto retry;
     486             :         }
     487           0 :         return CE_Failure;
     488             :     }
     489             : 
     490         413 :     padfY = padfX + nSampleMax;
     491         413 :     padfZ = padfX + nSampleMax * 2;
     492         413 :     padfYRevert = padfXRevert + nSampleMax;
     493         413 :     padfZRevert = padfXRevert + nSampleMax * 2;
     494             : 
     495             :     // Take N_STEPS steps.
     496        9989 :     for (int iStep = 0; iStep <= nSteps; iStep++)
     497             :     {
     498        9576 :         double dfRatio = (iStep == nSteps) ? 1.0 : iStep * dfStep;
     499        9576 :         int iStep2 = iStep;
     500             : 
     501             :         // Along top.
     502        9576 :         padfX[iStep2] = dfRatio * nInXSize;
     503        9576 :         padfY[iStep2] = 0.0;
     504        9576 :         padfZ[iStep2] = 0.0;
     505             : 
     506             :         // Along bottom.
     507        9576 :         iStep2 += nStepsPlusOne;
     508        9576 :         padfX[iStep2] = dfRatio * nInXSize;
     509        9576 :         padfY[iStep2] = nInYSize;
     510        9576 :         padfZ[iStep2] = 0.0;
     511             : 
     512             :         // Along left.
     513        9576 :         iStep2 += nStepsPlusOne;
     514        9576 :         padfX[iStep2] = 0.0;
     515        9576 :         padfY[iStep2] = dfRatio * nInYSize;
     516        9576 :         padfZ[iStep2] = 0.0;
     517             : 
     518             :         // Along right.
     519        9576 :         iStep2 += nStepsPlusOne;
     520        9576 :         padfX[iStep2] = nInXSize;
     521        9576 :         padfY[iStep2] = dfRatio * nInYSize;
     522        9576 :         padfZ[iStep2] = 0.0;
     523             :     }
     524             : 
     525         413 :     int nSamplePoints = 4 * nStepsPlusOne;
     526             : 
     527         413 :     memset(pabSuccess, 1, sizeof(int) * nSampleMax);
     528             : 
     529             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     530             :     /*      Transform them to the output coordinate system.                 */
     531             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     532             :     {
     533         826 :         CPLTurnFailureIntoWarningBackuper oErrorsToWarnings{};
     534         413 :         pfnTransformer(pTransformArg, FALSE, nSamplePoints, padfX, padfY, padfZ,
     535             :                        pabSuccess);
     536             :     }
     537         413 :     constexpr int SIGN_FINAL_UNINIT = -2;
     538         413 :     constexpr int SIGN_FINAL_INVALID = 0;
     539         413 :     int iSignDiscontinuity = SIGN_FINAL_UNINIT;
     540         413 :     int nFailedCount = 0;
     541         413 :     const int iSignArray[2] = {-1, 1};
     542       38717 :     for (int i = 0; i < nSamplePoints; i++)
     543             :     {
     544       38304 :         if (pabSuccess[i])
     545             :         {
     546             :             // Fix for https://trac.osgeo.org/gdal/ticket/7243
     547             :             // where echo "-2050000.000 2050000.000" |
     548             :             //              gdaltransform -s_srs EPSG:3411 -t_srs EPSG:4326
     549             :             // gives "-180 63.691332898492"
     550             :             // but we would rather like 180
     551       34699 :             if (iSignDiscontinuity == 1 || iSignDiscontinuity == -1)
     552             :             {
     553       10548 :                 if (!((iSignDiscontinuity * padfX[i] > 0 &&
     554       10480 :                        iSignDiscontinuity * padfX[i] <= 180.0) ||
     555          69 :                       (fabs(padfX[i] - iSignDiscontinuity * -180.0) < 1e-8)))
     556             :                 {
     557          46 :                     iSignDiscontinuity = SIGN_FINAL_INVALID;
     558             :                 }
     559             :             }
     560       24151 :             else if (iSignDiscontinuity == SIGN_FINAL_UNINIT)
     561             :             {
     562         962 :                 for (const auto &iSign : iSignArray)
     563             :                 {
     564         710 :                     if ((iSign * padfX[i] > 0 && iSign * padfX[i] <= 180.0) ||
     565         551 :                         (fabs(padfX[i] - iSign * -180.0) < 1e-8))
     566             :                     {
     567         159 :                         iSignDiscontinuity = iSign;
     568         159 :                         break;
     569             :                     }
     570             :                 }
     571         411 :                 if (iSignDiscontinuity == SIGN_FINAL_UNINIT)
     572             :                 {
     573         252 :                     iSignDiscontinuity = SIGN_FINAL_INVALID;
     574             :                 }
     575             :             }
     576             :         }
     577             :         else
     578             :         {
     579        3605 :             nFailedCount++;
     580             :         }
     581             :     }
     582             : 
     583         413 :     if (iSignDiscontinuity == 1 || iSignDiscontinuity == -1)
     584             :     {
     585       10933 :         for (int i = 0; i < nSamplePoints; i++)
     586             :         {
     587       10820 :             if (pabSuccess[i])
     588             :             {
     589       10203 :                 if (fabs(padfX[i] - iSignDiscontinuity * -180.0) < 1e-8)
     590             :                 {
     591           2 :                     double axTemp[2] = {iSignDiscontinuity * -180.0,
     592           2 :                                         iSignDiscontinuity * 180.0};
     593           2 :                     double ayTemp[2] = {padfY[i], padfY[i]};
     594           2 :                     double azTemp[2] = {padfZ[i], padfZ[i]};
     595           2 :                     int abSuccess[2] = {FALSE, FALSE};
     596           4 :                     CPLTurnFailureIntoWarningBackuper oErrorsToWarnings{};
     597           2 :                     if (pfnTransformer(pTransformArg, TRUE, 2, axTemp, ayTemp,
     598           2 :                                        azTemp, abSuccess) &&
     599           4 :                         fabs(axTemp[0] - axTemp[1]) < 1e-8 &&
     600           2 :                         fabs(ayTemp[0] - ayTemp[1]) < 1e-8)
     601             :                     {
     602           2 :                         padfX[i] = iSignDiscontinuity * 180.0;
     603             :                     }
     604             :                 }
     605             :             }
     606             :         }
     607             :     }
     608             : 
     609             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     610             :     /*      Check if the computed target coordinates are revertable.        */
     611             :     /*      If not, try the detailed grid sampling.                         */
     612             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     613         413 :     if (nFailedCount)
     614             :     {
     615          68 :         CPLDebug("WARP", "At least one point failed after direct transform");
     616             :     }
     617             :     else
     618             :     {
     619         345 :         memcpy(padfXRevert, padfX, nSamplePoints * sizeof(double));
     620         345 :         memcpy(padfYRevert, padfY, nSamplePoints * sizeof(double));
     621         345 :         memcpy(padfZRevert, padfZ, nSamplePoints * sizeof(double));
     622             :         {
     623         690 :             CPLTurnFailureIntoWarningBackuper oErrorsToWarnings{};
     624         345 :             pfnTransformer(pTransformArg, TRUE, nSamplePoints, padfXRevert,
     625             :                            padfYRevert, padfZRevert, pabSuccess);
     626             :         }
     627             : 
     628       30902 :         for (int i = 0; nFailedCount == 0 && i < nSamplePoints; i++)
     629             :         {
     630       30573 :             if (!pabSuccess[i])
     631             :             {
     632          16 :                 nFailedCount++;
     633          16 :                 break;
     634             :             }
     635             : 
     636       30557 :             double dfRatio = (i % nStepsPlusOne) * dfStep;
     637       30557 :             if (dfRatio > 0.99)
     638        1306 :                 dfRatio = 1.0;
     639             : 
     640       30557 :             double dfExpectedX = 0.0;
     641       30557 :             double dfExpectedY = 0.0;
     642       30557 :             if (i < nStepsPlusOne)
     643             :             {
     644        7772 :                 dfExpectedX = dfRatio * nInXSize;
     645             :             }
     646       22785 :             else if (i < 2 * nStepsPlusOne)
     647             :             {
     648        7723 :                 dfExpectedX = dfRatio * nInXSize;
     649        7723 :                 dfExpectedY = nInYSize;
     650             :             }
     651       15062 :             else if (i < 3 * nStepsPlusOne)
     652             :             {
     653        7593 :                 dfExpectedY = dfRatio * nInYSize;
     654             :             }
     655             :             else
     656             :             {
     657        7469 :                 dfExpectedX = nInXSize;
     658        7469 :                 dfExpectedY = dfRatio * nInYSize;
     659             :             }
     660             : 
     661       30557 :             if (fabs(padfXRevert[i] - dfExpectedX) >
     662       30557 :                     nInXSize / static_cast<double>(nSteps) ||
     663       30546 :                 fabs(padfYRevert[i] - dfExpectedY) >
     664       30546 :                     nInYSize / static_cast<double>(nSteps))
     665          11 :                 nFailedCount++;
     666             :         }
     667         345 :         if (nFailedCount != 0)
     668          27 :             CPLDebug("WARP",
     669             :                      "At least one point failed after revert transform");
     670             :     }
     671             : 
     672             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     673             :     /*      If any of the edge points failed to transform, we need to       */
     674             :     /*      build a fairly detailed internal grid of points instead to      */
     675             :     /*      help identify the area that is transformable.                   */
     676             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     677         413 :     if (nFailedCount)
     678             :     {
     679          95 :         nSamplePoints = 0;
     680             : 
     681             :         // Take N_STEPS steps.
     682        2244 :         for (int iStep = 0; iStep <= nSteps; iStep++)
     683             :         {
     684        2149 :             double dfRatio = (iStep == nSteps) ? 1.0 : iStep * dfStep;
     685             : 
     686       60804 :             for (int iStep2 = 0; iStep2 <= nSteps; iStep2++)
     687             :             {
     688       58655 :                 const double dfRatio2 =
     689       58655 :                     iStep2 == nSteps ? 1.0 : iStep2 * dfStep;
     690             : 
     691             :                 // From top to bottom, from left to right.
     692       58655 :                 padfX[nSamplePoints] = dfRatio2 * nInXSize;
     693       58655 :                 padfY[nSamplePoints] = dfRatio * nInYSize;
     694       58655 :                 padfZ[nSamplePoints] = 0.0;
     695       58655 :                 nSamplePoints++;
     696             :             }
     697             :         }
     698             : 
     699          95 :         CPLAssert(nSamplePoints == nSampleMax);
     700             : 
     701             :         {
     702         190 :             CPLTurnFailureIntoWarningBackuper oErrorsToWarnings{};
     703          95 :             pfnTransformer(pTransformArg, FALSE, nSamplePoints, padfX, padfY,
     704             :                            padfZ, pabSuccess);
     705             :         }
     706             :     }
     707             : 
     708             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     709             :     /*      Collect the bounds, ignoring any failed points.                 */
     710             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
     711         413 :     double dfMinXOut = 0.0;
     712         413 :     double dfMinYOut = 0.0;
     713         413 :     double dfMaxXOut = 0.0;
     714         413 :     double dfMaxYOut = 0.0;
     715         413 :     bool bGotInitialPoint = false;
     716             : 
     717         413 :     nFailedCount = 0;
     718       88776 :     for (int i = 0; i < nSamplePoints; i++)
     719             :     {
     720       88363 :         int x_i = 0;
     721       88363 :         int y_i = 0;
     722             : 
     723       88363 :         if (nSamplePoints == nSampleMax)
     724             :         {
     725       58655 :             x_i = i % nStepsPlusOne;
     726       58655 :             y_i = i / nStepsPlusOne;
     727             :         }
     728             :         else
     729             :         {
     730       29708 :             if (i < 2 * nStepsPlusOne)
     731             :             {
     732       14854 :                 x_i = i % nStepsPlusOne;
     733       14854 :                 y_i = (i < nStepsPlusOne) ? 0 : nSteps;
     734             :             }
     735             :         }
     736             : 
     737       88363 :         if (x_i > 0 && (pabSuccess[i - 1] || pabSuccess[i]))
     738             :         {
     739       58425 :             double x_out_before = padfX[i - 1];
     740       58425 :             double x_out_after = padfX[i];
     741       58425 :             int nIter = 0;
     742       58425 :             double x_in_before =
     743       58425 :                 static_cast<double>(x_i - 1) * nInXSize / nSteps;
     744       58425 :             double x_in_after = static_cast<double>(x_i) * nInXSize / nSteps;
     745       58425 :             int invalid_before = !(pabSuccess[i - 1]);
     746       58425 :             int invalid_after = !(pabSuccess[i]);
     747             : 
     748             :             // Detect discontinuity in target coordinates when the target x
     749             :             // coordinates change sign. This may be a false positive when the
     750             :             // target tx is around 0 Dichotomic search to reduce the interval
     751             :             // to near the discontinuity and get a better out extent.
     752       74701 :             while ((invalid_before || invalid_after ||
     753      156678 :                     x_out_before * x_out_after < 0.0) &&
     754             :                    nIter < 16)
     755             :             {
     756       23552 :                 double x = (x_in_before + x_in_after) / 2.0;
     757       23552 :                 double y = static_cast<double>(y_i) * nInYSize / nSteps;
     758       23552 :                 double z = 0.0;
     759       23552 :                 int bSuccess = TRUE;
     760       23552 :                 if (pfnTransformer(pTransformArg, FALSE, 1, &x, &y, &z,
     761       40362 :                                    &bSuccess) &&
     762       16810 :                     bSuccess)
     763             :                 {
     764       16810 :                     if (bGotInitialPoint)
     765             :                     {
     766       16791 :                         dfMinXOut = std::min(dfMinXOut, x);
     767       16791 :                         dfMinYOut = std::min(dfMinYOut, y);
     768       16791 :                         dfMaxXOut = std::max(dfMaxXOut, x);
     769       16791 :                         dfMaxYOut = std::max(dfMaxYOut, y);
     770             :                     }
     771             :                     else
     772             :                     {
     773          19 :                         bGotInitialPoint = true;
     774          19 :                         dfMinXOut = x;
     775          19 :                         dfMaxXOut = x;
     776          19 :                         dfMinYOut = y;
     777          19 :                         dfMaxYOut = y;
     778             :                     }
     779             : 
     780       16810 :                     if (invalid_before || x_out_before * x < 0)
     781             :                     {
     782        9043 :                         invalid_after = FALSE;
     783        9043 :                         x_in_after = (x_in_before + x_in_after) / 2.0;
     784        9043 :                         x_out_after = x;
     785             :                     }
     786             :                     else
     787             :                     {
     788        7767 :                         invalid_before = FALSE;
     789        7767 :                         x_out_before = x;
     790        7767 :                         x_in_before = (x_in_before + x_in_after) / 2.0;
     791             :                     }
     792             :                 }
     793             :                 else
     794             :                 {
     795        6742 :                     if (invalid_before)
     796             :                     {
     797        3366 :                         x_in_before = (x_in_before + x_in_after) / 2.0;
     798             :                     }
     799        3376 :                     else if (invalid_after)
     800             :                     {
     801        3376 :                         x_in_after = (x_in_before + x_in_after) / 2.0;
     802             :                     }
     803             :                     else
     804             :                     {
     805           0 :                         break;
     806             :                     }
     807             :                 }
     808       23552 :                 nIter++;
     809             :             }
     810             :         }
     811             : 
     812       88363 :         if (!pabSuccess[i])
     813             :         {
     814       13296 :             nFailedCount++;
     815       13296 :             continue;
     816             :         }
     817             : 
     818       75067 :         if (bGotInitialPoint)
     819             :         {
     820       74675 :             dfMinXOut = std::min(dfMinXOut, padfX[i]);
     821       74675 :             dfMinYOut = std::min(dfMinYOut, padfY[i]);
     822       74675 :             dfMaxXOut = std::max(dfMaxXOut, padfX[i]);
     823       74675 :             dfMaxYOut = std::max(dfMaxYOut, padfY[i]);
     824             :         }
     825             :         else
     826             :         {
     827         392 :             bGotInitialPoint = true;
     828         392 :             dfMinXOut = padfX[i];
     829         392 :             dfMaxXOut = padfX[i];
     830         392 :             dfMinYOut = padfY[i];
     831         392 :             dfMaxYOut = padfY[i];
     832             :         }
     833             :     }
     834             : 
     835         413 :     if (nFailedCount > nSamplePoints - 10)
     836             :     {
     837           5 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
     838             :                  "Too many points (%d out of %d) failed to transform, "
     839             :                  "unable to compute output bounds.",
     840             :                  nFailedCount, nSamplePoints);
     841             : 
     842           5 :         CPLFree(padfX);
     843           5 :         CPLFree(padfXRevert);
     844           5 :         CPLFree(pabSuccess);
     845             : 
     846           5 :         return CE_Failure;
     847             :     }
     848             : 
     849         408 :     if (nFailedCount)
     850          63 :         CPLDebug("GDAL",
     851             :                  "GDALSuggestedWarpOutput(): %d out of %d points failed to "
     852             :                  "transform.",
     853             :                  nFailedCount, nSamplePoints);
     854             : 
     855         408 :     bool bIsGeographicCoordsDeg = false;
     856         408 :     if (bIsGDALGenImgProjTransform)
     857             :     {
     858         408 :         const GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *pGIPTI =
     859             :             static_cast<const GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(pTransformArg);
     860         408 :         if (pGIPTI->sSrcParams.pTransformer == GDALGeoLocTransform &&
     861          28 :             pGIPTI->sDstParams.pTransformer == nullptr &&
     862          28 :             pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[0] == 0 &&
     863          26 :             pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[1] == 1 &&
     864          26 :             pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[2] == 0 &&
     865          26 :             pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[3] == 0 &&
     866          26 :             pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[4] == 0 &&
     867          26 :             pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[5] == 1)
     868             :         {
     869             :             /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
     870             :              */
     871             :             /*      Special case for geolocation array, to quickly find the
     872             :              * bounds. */
     873             :             /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
     874             :              */
     875          26 :             const GDALGeoLocTransformInfo *pGLTI =
     876             :                 static_cast<const GDALGeoLocTransformInfo *>(
     877             :                     pGIPTI->sSrcParams.pTransformArg);
     878             : 
     879          26 :             if (pGIPTI->pReproject == nullptr)
     880             :             {
     881             :                 const char *pszGLSRS =
     882          26 :                     CSLFetchNameValue(pGLTI->papszGeolocationInfo, "SRS");
     883          26 :                 if (pszGLSRS == nullptr)
     884             :                 {
     885           4 :                     bIsGeographicCoordsDeg = true;
     886             :                 }
     887             :                 else
     888             :                 {
     889          44 :                     OGRSpatialReference oSRS;
     890          22 :                     if (oSRS.SetFromUserInput(pszGLSRS) == OGRERR_NONE &&
     891          42 :                         oSRS.IsGeographic() &&
     892          20 :                         std::fabs(oSRS.GetAngularUnits() -
     893          20 :                                   CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV)) < 1e-9)
     894             :                     {
     895          20 :                         bIsGeographicCoordsDeg = true;
     896             :                     }
     897             :                 }
     898             :             }
     899             : 
     900         208 :             for (const auto &xy :
     901          26 :                  {std::pair<double, double>(pGLTI->dfMinX, pGLTI->dfYAtMinX),
     902          26 :                   std::pair<double, double>(pGLTI->dfXAtMinY, pGLTI->dfMinY),
     903          26 :                   std::pair<double, double>(pGLTI->dfMaxX, pGLTI->dfYAtMaxX),
     904         130 :                   std::pair<double, double>(pGLTI->dfXAtMaxY, pGLTI->dfMaxY)})
     905             :             {
     906         104 :                 double x = xy.first;
     907         104 :                 double y = xy.second;
     908         104 :                 if (pGLTI->bSwapXY)
     909             :                 {
     910           4 :                     std::swap(x, y);
     911             :                 }
     912         104 :                 double xOut = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
     913         104 :                 double yOut = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
     914         104 :                 if (pGIPTI->pReproject == nullptr ||
     915           0 :                     pGIPTI->pReproject(pGIPTI->pReprojectArg, false, 1, &x, &y,
     916             :                                        nullptr, nullptr))
     917             :                 {
     918         104 :                     xOut = x;
     919         104 :                     yOut = y;
     920             :                 }
     921         104 :                 dfMinXOut = std::min(dfMinXOut, xOut);
     922         104 :                 dfMinYOut = std::min(dfMinYOut, yOut);
     923         104 :                 dfMaxXOut = std::max(dfMaxXOut, xOut);
     924         104 :                 dfMaxYOut = std::max(dfMaxYOut, yOut);
     925          26 :             }
     926             :         }
     927         382 :         else if (pGIPTI->sSrcParams.pTransformer == nullptr &&
     928         339 :                  pGIPTI->sDstParams.pTransformer == nullptr &&
     929         339 :                  pGIPTI->pReproject == GDALReprojectionTransform &&
     930         328 :                  pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[0] == 0 &&
     931         326 :                  pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[1] == 1 &&
     932         326 :                  pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[2] == 0 &&
     933         326 :                  pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[3] == 0 &&
     934         326 :                  pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[4] == 0 &&
     935         326 :                  pGIPTI->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[5] == 1)
     936             :         {
     937             :             /* ------------------------------------------------------------- */
     938             :             /* Special case for warping using source geotransform and        */
     939             :             /* reprojection to deal with the poles.                          */
     940             :             /* ------------------------------------------------------------- */
     941         326 :             const GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *psRTI =
     942             :                 static_cast<const GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *>(
     943             :                     pGIPTI->pReprojectArg);
     944             :             const OGRSpatialReference *poSourceCRS =
     945         326 :                 psRTI->poForwardTransform->GetSourceCS();
     946             :             const OGRSpatialReference *poTargetCRS =
     947         326 :                 psRTI->poForwardTransform->GetTargetCS();
     948         651 :             if (poTargetCRS != nullptr &&
     949         325 :                 psRTI->poReverseTransform != nullptr &&
     950         325 :                 poTargetCRS->IsGeographic() &&
     951         115 :                 fabs(poTargetCRS->GetAngularUnits() -
     952         766 :                      CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV)) < 1e-9 &&
     953         115 :                 (!poSourceCRS || !poSourceCRS->IsGeographic()))
     954             :             {
     955          88 :                 bIsGeographicCoordsDeg = true;
     956             : 
     957          88 :                 std::unique_ptr<CPLConfigOptionSetter> poSetter;
     958          88 :                 if (pGIPTI->bCheckWithInvertPROJ)
     959             :                 {
     960             :                     // CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ=YES prevent reliable
     961             :                     // transformation of poles.
     962           4 :                     poSetter = std::make_unique<CPLConfigOptionSetter>(
     963           4 :                         "CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ", "NO", false);
     964           4 :                     GDALRefreshGenImgProjTransformer(pTransformArg);
     965             :                     // GDALRefreshGenImgProjTransformer() has invalidated psRTI
     966           4 :                     psRTI = static_cast<const GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *>(
     967             :                         pGIPTI->pReprojectArg);
     968             :                 }
     969             : 
     970         264 :                 for (const auto &sign : iSignArray)
     971             :                 {
     972         176 :                     double X = 0.0;
     973         176 :                     const double Yinit = 90.0 * sign;
     974         176 :                     double Y = Yinit;
     975         176 :                     if (psRTI->poReverseTransform->Transform(1, &X, &Y))
     976             :                     {
     977         118 :                         const auto invGT =
     978             :                             pGIPTI->sSrcParams.adfInvGeoTransform;
     979         118 :                         const double x = invGT[0] + X * invGT[1] + Y * invGT[2];
     980         118 :                         const double y = invGT[3] + X * invGT[4] + Y * invGT[5];
     981         118 :                         constexpr double EPSILON = 1e-5;
     982         118 :                         if (x >= -EPSILON && x <= nInXSize + EPSILON &&
     983          26 :                             y >= -EPSILON && y <= nInYSize + EPSILON)
     984             :                         {
     985           6 :                             if (psRTI->poForwardTransform->Transform(1, &X,
     986          12 :                                                                      &Y) &&
     987           6 :                                 fabs(Y - Yinit) <= 1e-6)
     988             :                             {
     989           6 :                                 bool bMinXMaxXSet = false;
     990           6 :                                 if (poSourceCRS)
     991             :                                 {
     992             :                                     const char *pszProjection =
     993           6 :                                         poSourceCRS->GetAttrValue("PROJECTION");
     994           6 :                                     if (pszProjection &&
     995           6 :                                         EQUAL(pszProjection,
     996             :                                               SRS_PT_ORTHOGRAPHIC))
     997             :                                     {
     998             :                                         const double dfLon0 =
     999           4 :                                             poSourceCRS->GetNormProjParm(
    1000             :                                                 SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0);
    1001           4 :                                         dfMinXOut = dfLon0 - 90;
    1002           4 :                                         dfMaxXOut = dfLon0 + 90;
    1003           4 :                                         bMinXMaxXSet = true;
    1004             :                                     }
    1005             :                                 }
    1006           6 :                                 if (!bMinXMaxXSet)
    1007             :                                 {
    1008           2 :                                     dfMinXOut = -180;
    1009           2 :                                     dfMaxXOut = 180;
    1010             :                                 }
    1011           6 :                                 if (sign < 0)
    1012           2 :                                     dfMinYOut = Yinit;
    1013             :                                 else
    1014           4 :                                     dfMaxYOut = Yinit;
    1015             :                             }
    1016             :                         }
    1017             :                     }
    1018             :                 }
    1019             : 
    1020          88 :                 if (poSetter)
    1021             :                 {
    1022           4 :                     poSetter.reset();
    1023           4 :                     GDALRefreshGenImgProjTransformer(pTransformArg);
    1024           4 :                     pGIPTI = static_cast<const GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(
    1025             :                         pTransformArg);
    1026           4 :                     psRTI = static_cast<const GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *>(
    1027             :                         pGIPTI->pReprojectArg);
    1028           4 :                     poSourceCRS = psRTI->poForwardTransform->GetSourceCS();
    1029           4 :                     poTargetCRS = psRTI->poForwardTransform->GetTargetCS();
    1030             :                 }
    1031             :             }
    1032             : 
    1033             :             // Use TransformBounds() to handle more particular cases
    1034         326 :             if (poSourceCRS != nullptr && poTargetCRS != nullptr &&
    1035         325 :                 pGIPTI->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[1] != 0 &&
    1036         325 :                 pGIPTI->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[2] == 0 &&
    1037         325 :                 pGIPTI->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[4] == 0 &&
    1038         325 :                 pGIPTI->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[5] != 0)
    1039             :             {
    1040         325 :                 const double dfULX = pGIPTI->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[0];
    1041         325 :                 const double dfULY = pGIPTI->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[3];
    1042         325 :                 const double dfLRX =
    1043         325 :                     dfULX + pGIPTI->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[1] * nInXSize;
    1044         325 :                 const double dfLRY =
    1045         325 :                     dfULY + pGIPTI->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[5] * nInYSize;
    1046         325 :                 const double dfMinSrcX = std::min(dfULX, dfLRX);
    1047         325 :                 const double dfMinSrcY = std::min(dfULY, dfLRY);
    1048         325 :                 const double dfMaxSrcX = std::max(dfULX, dfLRX);
    1049         325 :                 const double dfMaxSrcY = std::max(dfULY, dfLRY);
    1050         325 :                 double dfTmpMinXOut = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1051         325 :                 double dfTmpMinYOut = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1052         325 :                 double dfTmpMaxXOut = std::numeric_limits<double>::min();
    1053         325 :                 double dfTmpMaxYOut = std::numeric_limits<double>::min();
    1054         650 :                 if (psRTI->poForwardTransform->TransformBounds(
    1055             :                         dfMinSrcX, dfMinSrcY, dfMaxSrcX, dfMaxSrcY,
    1056             :                         &dfTmpMinXOut, &dfTmpMinYOut, &dfTmpMaxXOut,
    1057             :                         &dfTmpMaxYOut,
    1058         325 :                         2))  // minimum number of points as we already have a
    1059             :                              // logic above to sample
    1060             :                 {
    1061         318 :                     dfMinXOut = std::min(dfMinXOut, dfTmpMinXOut);
    1062         318 :                     dfMinYOut = std::min(dfMinYOut, dfTmpMinYOut);
    1063         318 :                     dfMaxXOut = std::max(dfMaxXOut, dfTmpMaxXOut);
    1064         318 :                     dfMaxYOut = std::max(dfMaxYOut, dfTmpMaxYOut);
    1065             :                 }
    1066             :             }
    1067             :         }
    1068             :     }
    1069             : 
    1070             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1071             :     /*      Compute the distance in "georeferenced" units from the top      */
    1072             :     /*      corner of the transformed input image to the bottom left        */
    1073             :     /*      corner of the transformed input.  Use this distance to          */
    1074             :     /*      compute an approximate pixel size in the output                 */
    1075             :     /*      georeferenced coordinates.                                      */
    1076             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1077         408 :     double dfDiagonalDist = 0.0;
    1078         408 :     double dfDeltaX = 0.0;
    1079         408 :     double dfDeltaY = 0.0;
    1080             : 
    1081         408 :     if (pabSuccess[0] && pabSuccess[nSamplePoints - 1])
    1082             :     {
    1083         349 :         dfDeltaX = padfX[nSamplePoints - 1] - padfX[0];
    1084         349 :         dfDeltaY = padfY[nSamplePoints - 1] - padfY[0];
    1085             :         // In some cases this can result in 0 values. See #5980
    1086             :         // Fallback to safer method in that case.
    1087             :     }
    1088         408 :     if (dfDeltaX == 0.0 || dfDeltaY == 0.0)
    1089             :     {
    1090          64 :         dfDeltaX = dfMaxXOut - dfMinXOut;
    1091          64 :         dfDeltaY = dfMaxYOut - dfMinYOut;
    1092             :     }
    1093             : 
    1094         408 :     dfDiagonalDist = sqrt(dfDeltaX * dfDeltaX + dfDeltaY * dfDeltaY);
    1095             : 
    1096             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1097             :     /*      Compute a pixel size from this.                                 */
    1098             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1099             :     const double dfPixelSize =
    1100         408 :         dfDiagonalDist / sqrt(static_cast<double>(nInXSize) * nInXSize +
    1101         408 :                               static_cast<double>(nInYSize) * nInYSize);
    1102             : 
    1103         408 :     const double dfPixels = (dfMaxXOut - dfMinXOut) / dfPixelSize;
    1104         408 :     const double dfLines = (dfMaxYOut - dfMinYOut) / dfPixelSize;
    1105             : 
    1106         408 :     const int knIntMaxMinusOne = std::numeric_limits<int>::max() - 1;
    1107         408 :     if (dfPixels > knIntMaxMinusOne || dfLines > knIntMaxMinusOne)
    1108             :     {
    1109           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    1110             :                  "Computed dimensions are too big : %.0f x %.0f",
    1111             :                  dfPixels + 0.5, dfLines + 0.5);
    1112             : 
    1113           0 :         CPLFree(padfX);
    1114           0 :         CPLFree(padfXRevert);
    1115           0 :         CPLFree(pabSuccess);
    1116             : 
    1117           0 :         return CE_Failure;
    1118             :     }
    1119             : 
    1120         408 :     if ((nOptions & GDAL_SWO_ROUND_UP_SIZE) != 0)
    1121             :     {
    1122           8 :         constexpr double EPS = 1e-5;
    1123           8 :         *pnPixels = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(dfPixels - EPS));
    1124           8 :         *pnLines = static_cast<int>(std::ceil(dfLines - EPS));
    1125             :     }
    1126             :     else
    1127             :     {
    1128         400 :         *pnPixels = static_cast<int>(dfPixels + 0.5);
    1129         400 :         *pnLines = static_cast<int>(dfLines + 0.5);
    1130             :     }
    1131             : 
    1132         408 :     double dfPixelSizeX = dfPixelSize;
    1133         408 :     double dfPixelSizeY = dfPixelSize;
    1134             : 
    1135         408 :     const double adfRatioArray[] = {0.000, 0.001, 0.010, 0.100, 1.000};
    1136             : 
    1137             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1138             :     /*      Check that the right border is not completely out of source     */
    1139             :     /*      image. If so, adjust the x pixel size a bit in the hope it will */
    1140             :     /*      fit.                                                            */
    1141             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1142         571 :     for (const auto &dfRatio : adfRatioArray)
    1143             :     {
    1144         563 :         const double dfTryPixelSizeX =
    1145         563 :             dfPixelSizeX - dfPixelSizeX * dfRatio / *pnPixels;
    1146         563 :         double adfExtent[4] = {dfMinXOut, dfMaxYOut - (*pnLines) * dfPixelSizeY,
    1147         563 :                                dfMinXOut + (*pnPixels) * dfTryPixelSizeX,
    1148         563 :                                dfMaxYOut};
    1149         563 :         if (!GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2_MustAdjustForRightBorder(
    1150             :                 pfnTransformer, pTransformArg, adfExtent, *pnPixels, *pnLines,
    1151             :                 dfTryPixelSizeX, dfPixelSizeY))
    1152             :         {
    1153         400 :             dfPixelSizeX = dfTryPixelSizeX;
    1154         400 :             break;
    1155             :         }
    1156             :     }
    1157             : 
    1158             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1159             :     /*      Check that the bottom border is not completely out of source    */
    1160             :     /*      image. If so, adjust the y pixel size a bit in the hope it will */
    1161             :     /*      fit.                                                            */
    1162             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1163         488 :     for (const auto &dfRatio : adfRatioArray)
    1164             :     {
    1165         478 :         const double dfTryPixelSizeY =
    1166         478 :             dfPixelSizeY - dfPixelSizeY * dfRatio / *pnLines;
    1167             :         double adfExtent[4] = {
    1168         478 :             dfMinXOut, dfMaxYOut - (*pnLines) * dfTryPixelSizeY,
    1169         478 :             dfMinXOut + (*pnPixels) * dfPixelSizeX, dfMaxYOut};
    1170         478 :         if (!GDALSuggestedWarpOutput2_MustAdjustForBottomBorder(
    1171             :                 pfnTransformer, pTransformArg, adfExtent, *pnPixels, *pnLines,
    1172             :                 dfPixelSizeX, dfTryPixelSizeY))
    1173             :         {
    1174         398 :             dfPixelSizeY = dfTryPixelSizeY;
    1175         398 :             break;
    1176             :         }
    1177             :     }
    1178             : 
    1179             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1180             :     /*      Recompute some bounds so that all return values are consistent  */
    1181             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1182         408 :     double dfMaxXOutNew = dfMinXOut + (*pnPixels) * dfPixelSizeX;
    1183         408 :     if (bIsGeographicCoordsDeg &&
    1184         112 :         ((dfMaxXOut <= 180 && dfMaxXOutNew > 180) || dfMaxXOut == 180))
    1185             :     {
    1186           3 :         dfMaxXOut = 180;
    1187           3 :         dfPixelSizeX = (dfMaxXOut - dfMinXOut) / *pnPixels;
    1188             :     }
    1189             :     else
    1190             :     {
    1191         405 :         dfMaxXOut = dfMaxXOutNew;
    1192             :     }
    1193             : 
    1194         408 :     double dfMinYOutNew = dfMaxYOut - (*pnLines) * dfPixelSizeY;
    1195         408 :     if (bIsGeographicCoordsDeg && dfMinYOut >= -90 && dfMinYOutNew < -90)
    1196             :     {
    1197           0 :         dfMinYOut = -90;
    1198           0 :         dfPixelSizeY = (dfMaxYOut - dfMinYOut) / *pnLines;
    1199             :     }
    1200             :     else
    1201             :     {
    1202         408 :         dfMinYOut = dfMinYOutNew;
    1203             :     }
    1204             : 
    1205             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1206             :     /*      Return raw extents.                                             */
    1207             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1208         408 :     padfExtent[0] = dfMinXOut;
    1209         408 :     padfExtent[1] = dfMinYOut;
    1210         408 :     padfExtent[2] = dfMaxXOut;
    1211         408 :     padfExtent[3] = dfMaxYOut;
    1212             : 
    1213             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1214             :     /*      Set the output geotransform.                                    */
    1215             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1216         408 :     padfGeoTransformOut[0] = dfMinXOut;
    1217         408 :     padfGeoTransformOut[1] = dfPixelSizeX;
    1218         408 :     padfGeoTransformOut[2] = 0.0;
    1219         408 :     padfGeoTransformOut[3] = dfMaxYOut;
    1220         408 :     padfGeoTransformOut[4] = 0.0;
    1221         408 :     padfGeoTransformOut[5] = -dfPixelSizeY;
    1222             : 
    1223         408 :     CPLFree(padfX);
    1224         408 :     CPLFree(padfXRevert);
    1225         408 :     CPLFree(pabSuccess);
    1226             : 
    1227         408 :     return CE_None;
    1228             : }
    1229             : 
    1230             : /************************************************************************/
    1231             : /*                    GetCurrentCheckWithInvertPROJ()                   */
    1232             : /************************************************************************/
    1233             : 
    1234        3248 : static bool GetCurrentCheckWithInvertPROJ()
    1235             : {
    1236        3248 :     return CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ", "NO"));
    1237             : }
    1238             : 
    1239             : /************************************************************************/
    1240             : /*               GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformerInternal()              */
    1241             : /************************************************************************/
    1242             : 
    1243             : static void *GDALCreateSimilarGenImgProjTransformer(void *hTransformArg,
    1244             :                                                     double dfRatioX,
    1245             :                                                     double dfRatioY);
    1246             : 
    1247        1971 : static GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformerInternal()
    1248             : {
    1249             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1250             :     /*      Initialize the transform info.                                  */
    1251             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1252             :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    1253             :         static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(
    1254        1971 :             CPLCalloc(sizeof(GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo), 1));
    1255             : 
    1256        1971 :     memcpy(psInfo->sTI.abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    1257             :            strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE));
    1258        1971 :     psInfo->sTI.pszClassName = GDAL_GEN_IMG_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME;
    1259        1971 :     psInfo->sTI.pfnTransform = GDALGenImgProjTransform;
    1260        1971 :     psInfo->sTI.pfnCleanup = GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer;
    1261        1971 :     psInfo->sTI.pfnSerialize = GDALSerializeGenImgProjTransformer;
    1262        1971 :     psInfo->sTI.pfnCreateSimilar = GDALCreateSimilarGenImgProjTransformer;
    1263             : 
    1264        1971 :     psInfo->bCheckWithInvertPROJ = GetCurrentCheckWithInvertPROJ();
    1265        1971 :     psInfo->bHasCustomTransformationPipeline = false;
    1266             : 
    1267        1971 :     return psInfo;
    1268             : }
    1269             : 
    1270             : /************************************************************************/
    1271             : /*                GDALCreateSimilarGenImgProjTransformer()              */
    1272             : /************************************************************************/
    1273             : 
    1274         143 : static void *GDALCreateSimilarGenImgProjTransformer(void *hTransformArg,
    1275             :                                                     double dfRatioX,
    1276             :                                                     double dfRatioY)
    1277             : {
    1278         143 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransformArg, "GDALCreateSimilarGenImgProjTransformer",
    1279             :                       nullptr);
    1280             : 
    1281         143 :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    1282             :         static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(hTransformArg);
    1283             : 
    1284             :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psClonedInfo =
    1285         143 :         GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformerInternal();
    1286             : 
    1287         143 :     memcpy(psClonedInfo, psInfo, sizeof(GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo));
    1288             : 
    1289         143 :     psClonedInfo->bCheckWithInvertPROJ = GetCurrentCheckWithInvertPROJ();
    1290             : 
    1291         143 :     if (psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformArg)
    1292           7 :         psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformArg = GDALCreateSimilarTransformer(
    1293             :             psInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformArg, dfRatioX, dfRatioY);
    1294         136 :     else if (dfRatioX != 1.0 || dfRatioY != 1.0)
    1295             :     {
    1296          10 :         if (psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[2] == 0.0 &&
    1297          10 :             psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[4] == 0.0)
    1298             :         {
    1299          10 :             psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[1] *= dfRatioX;
    1300          10 :             psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[5] *= dfRatioY;
    1301             :         }
    1302             :         else
    1303             :         {
    1304             :             // If the x and y ratios are not equal, then we cannot really
    1305             :             // compute a geotransform.
    1306           0 :             psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[1] *= dfRatioX;
    1307           0 :             psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[2] *= dfRatioX;
    1308           0 :             psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[4] *= dfRatioX;
    1309           0 :             psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[5] *= dfRatioX;
    1310             :         }
    1311          10 :         if (!GDALInvGeoTransform(psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform,
    1312          10 :                                  psClonedInfo->sSrcParams.adfInvGeoTransform))
    1313             :         {
    1314           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot invert geotransform");
    1315           0 :             GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(psClonedInfo);
    1316           0 :             return nullptr;
    1317             :         }
    1318             :     }
    1319             : 
    1320         143 :     if (psClonedInfo->pReprojectArg)
    1321         106 :         psClonedInfo->pReprojectArg =
    1322         106 :             GDALCloneTransformer(psInfo->pReprojectArg);
    1323             : 
    1324         143 :     if (psClonedInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg)
    1325           0 :         psClonedInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg =
    1326           0 :             GDALCloneTransformer(psInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg);
    1327             : 
    1328         143 :     return psClonedInfo;
    1329             : }
    1330             : 
    1331             : /************************************************************************/
    1332             : /*                  GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer()                   */
    1333             : /************************************************************************/
    1334             : 
    1335             : /**
    1336             :  * Create image to image transformer.
    1337             :  *
    1338             :  * This function creates a transformation object that maps from pixel/line
    1339             :  * coordinates on one image to pixel/line coordinates on another image.  The
    1340             :  * images may potentially be georeferenced in different coordinate systems,
    1341             :  * and may used GCPs to map between their pixel/line coordinates and
    1342             :  * georeferenced coordinates (as opposed to the default assumption that their
    1343             :  * geotransform should be used).
    1344             :  *
    1345             :  * This transformer potentially performs three concatenated transformations.
    1346             :  *
    1347             :  * The first stage is from source image pixel/line coordinates to source
    1348             :  * image georeferenced coordinates, and may be done using the geotransform,
    1349             :  * or if not defined using a polynomial model derived from GCPs.  If GCPs
    1350             :  * are used this stage is accomplished using GDALGCPTransform().
    1351             :  *
    1352             :  * The second stage is to change projections from the source coordinate system
    1353             :  * to the destination coordinate system, assuming they differ.  This is
    1354             :  * accomplished internally using GDALReprojectionTransform().
    1355             :  *
    1356             :  * The third stage is converting from destination image georeferenced
    1357             :  * coordinates to destination image coordinates.  This is done using the
    1358             :  * destination image geotransform, or if not available, using a polynomial
    1359             :  * model derived from GCPs. If GCPs are used this stage is accomplished using
    1360             :  * GDALGCPTransform().  This stage is skipped if hDstDS is NULL when the
    1361             :  * transformation is created.
    1362             :  *
    1363             :  * @param hSrcDS source dataset, or NULL.
    1364             :  * @param pszSrcWKT the coordinate system for the source dataset.  If NULL,
    1365             :  * it will be read from the dataset itself.
    1366             :  * @param hDstDS destination dataset (or NULL).
    1367             :  * @param pszDstWKT the coordinate system for the destination dataset.  If
    1368             :  * NULL, and hDstDS not NULL, it will be read from the destination dataset.
    1369             :  * @param bGCPUseOK TRUE if GCPs should be used if the geotransform is not
    1370             :  * available on the source dataset (not destination).
    1371             :  * @param dfGCPErrorThreshold ignored/deprecated.
    1372             :  * @param nOrder the maximum order to use for GCP derived polynomials if
    1373             :  * possible.  Use 0 to autoselect, or -1 for thin plate splines.
    1374             :  *
    1375             :  * @return handle suitable for use GDALGenImgProjTransform(), and to be
    1376             :  * deallocated with GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer().
    1377             :  */
    1378             : 
    1379          62 : void *GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer(GDALDatasetH hSrcDS,
    1380             :                                       const char *pszSrcWKT,
    1381             :                                       GDALDatasetH hDstDS,
    1382             :                                       const char *pszDstWKT, int bGCPUseOK,
    1383             :                                       CPL_UNUSED double dfGCPErrorThreshold,
    1384             :                                       int nOrder)
    1385             : {
    1386          62 :     char **papszOptions = nullptr;
    1387             : 
    1388          62 :     if (pszSrcWKT != nullptr)
    1389           3 :         papszOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszOptions, "SRC_SRS", pszSrcWKT);
    1390          62 :     if (pszDstWKT != nullptr)
    1391           3 :         papszOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszOptions, "DST_SRS", pszDstWKT);
    1392          62 :     if (!bGCPUseOK)
    1393           0 :         papszOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszOptions, "GCPS_OK", "FALSE");
    1394          62 :     if (nOrder != 0)
    1395           0 :         papszOptions = CSLSetNameValue(papszOptions, "MAX_GCP_ORDER",
    1396           0 :                                        CPLString().Printf("%d", nOrder));
    1397             : 
    1398          62 :     void *pRet = GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2(hSrcDS, hDstDS, papszOptions);
    1399          62 :     CSLDestroy(papszOptions);
    1400             : 
    1401          62 :     return pRet;
    1402             : }
    1403             : 
    1404             : /************************************************************************/
    1405             : /*                          InsertCenterLong()                          */
    1406             : /*                                                                      */
    1407             : /*      Insert a CENTER_LONG Extension entry on a GEOGCS to indicate    */
    1408             : /*      the center longitude of the dataset for wrapping purposes.      */
    1409             : /************************************************************************/
    1410             : 
    1411         839 : static void InsertCenterLong(GDALDatasetH hDS, OGRSpatialReference *poSRS,
    1412             :                              CPLStringList &aosOptions)
    1413             : 
    1414             : {
    1415        1442 :     if (!poSRS->IsGeographic() || std::fabs(poSRS->GetAngularUnits() -
    1416         603 :                                             CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV)) > 1e-9)
    1417             :     {
    1418         237 :         return;
    1419             :     }
    1420             : 
    1421         602 :     if (poSRS->GetExtension(nullptr, "CENTER_LONG"))
    1422           0 :         return;
    1423             : 
    1424             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1425             :     /*      For now we only do this if we have a geotransform since         */
    1426             :     /*      other forms require a bunch of extra work.                      */
    1427             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1428         602 :     double adfGeoTransform[6] = {};
    1429             : 
    1430         602 :     if (GDALGetGeoTransform(hDS, adfGeoTransform) != CE_None)
    1431           0 :         return;
    1432             : 
    1433             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1434             :     /*      Compute min/max longitude based on testing the four corners.    */
    1435             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1436         602 :     const int nXSize = GDALGetRasterXSize(hDS);
    1437         602 :     const int nYSize = GDALGetRasterYSize(hDS);
    1438             : 
    1439             :     const double dfMinLong =
    1440        1204 :         std::min(std::min(adfGeoTransform[0] + 0 * adfGeoTransform[1] +
    1441         602 :                               0 * adfGeoTransform[2],
    1442        1204 :                           adfGeoTransform[0] + nXSize * adfGeoTransform[1] +
    1443         602 :                               0 * adfGeoTransform[2]),
    1444        1204 :                  std::min(adfGeoTransform[0] + 0 * adfGeoTransform[1] +
    1445         602 :                               nYSize * adfGeoTransform[2],
    1446        1204 :                           adfGeoTransform[0] + nXSize * adfGeoTransform[1] +
    1447         602 :                               nYSize * adfGeoTransform[2]));
    1448             :     const double dfMaxLong =
    1449        1204 :         std::max(std::max(adfGeoTransform[0] + 0 * adfGeoTransform[1] +
    1450         602 :                               0 * adfGeoTransform[2],
    1451        1204 :                           adfGeoTransform[0] + nXSize * adfGeoTransform[1] +
    1452         602 :                               0 * adfGeoTransform[2]),
    1453        1204 :                  std::max(adfGeoTransform[0] + 0 * adfGeoTransform[1] +
    1454         602 :                               nYSize * adfGeoTransform[2],
    1455        1204 :                           adfGeoTransform[0] + nXSize * adfGeoTransform[1] +
    1456         602 :                               nYSize * adfGeoTransform[2]));
    1457             : 
    1458             :     const double dfEpsilon =
    1459         602 :         std::max(std::fabs(adfGeoTransform[1]), std::fabs(adfGeoTransform[2]));
    1460             :     // If the raster covers more than 360 degree (allow an extra pixel),
    1461             :     // give up
    1462         602 :     constexpr double RELATIVE_EPSILON = 0.05;  // for numeric precision issues
    1463         602 :     if (dfMaxLong - dfMinLong > 360.0 + dfEpsilon * (1 + RELATIVE_EPSILON))
    1464           0 :         return;
    1465             : 
    1466             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1467             :     /*      Insert center long.                                             */
    1468             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1469         602 :     const double dfCenterLong = (dfMaxLong + dfMinLong) / 2.0;
    1470         602 :     aosOptions.SetNameValue("CENTER_LONG", CPLSPrintf("%g", dfCenterLong));
    1471             : }
    1472             : 
    1473             : /************************************************************************/
    1474             : /*                      GDALComputeAreaOfInterest()                     */
    1475             : /************************************************************************/
    1476             : 
    1477        1169 : bool GDALComputeAreaOfInterest(OGRSpatialReference *poSRS, double adfGT[6],
    1478             :                                int nXSize, int nYSize,
    1479             :                                double &dfWestLongitudeDeg,
    1480             :                                double &dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
    1481             :                                double &dfEastLongitudeDeg,
    1482             :                                double &dfNorthLatitudeDeg)
    1483             : {
    1484        1169 :     bool ret = false;
    1485             : 
    1486        1169 :     if (!poSRS)
    1487           0 :         return false;
    1488             : 
    1489        1169 :     OGRSpatialReference oSrcSRSHoriz(*poSRS);
    1490        1169 :     if (oSrcSRSHoriz.IsCompound())
    1491             :     {
    1492          17 :         oSrcSRSHoriz.StripVertical();
    1493             :     }
    1494             : 
    1495        1169 :     OGRSpatialReference *poGeog = oSrcSRSHoriz.CloneGeogCS();
    1496        1169 :     if (poGeog)
    1497             :     {
    1498        1169 :         poGeog->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    1499        1169 :         poGeog->SetAngularUnits(SRS_UA_DEGREE, CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV));
    1500             : 
    1501        1169 :         auto poCT = OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(&oSrcSRSHoriz, poGeog);
    1502        1169 :         if (poCT)
    1503             :         {
    1504        1169 :             poCT->SetEmitErrors(false);
    1505             : 
    1506             :             double x[4], y[4];
    1507        1169 :             x[0] = adfGT[0];
    1508        1169 :             y[0] = adfGT[3];
    1509        1169 :             x[1] = adfGT[0] + nXSize * adfGT[1];
    1510        1169 :             y[1] = adfGT[3];
    1511        1169 :             x[2] = adfGT[0];
    1512        1169 :             y[2] = adfGT[3] + nYSize * adfGT[5];
    1513        1169 :             x[3] = x[1];
    1514        1169 :             y[3] = y[2];
    1515        1169 :             int validity[4] = {false, false, false, false};
    1516        1169 :             poCT->Transform(4, x, y, nullptr, validity);
    1517        1169 :             dfWestLongitudeDeg = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1518        1169 :             dfSouthLatitudeDeg = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1519        1169 :             dfEastLongitudeDeg = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1520        1169 :             dfNorthLatitudeDeg = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1521        5845 :             for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
    1522             :             {
    1523        4676 :                 if (validity[i])
    1524             :                 {
    1525        4660 :                     ret = true;
    1526        4660 :                     dfWestLongitudeDeg = std::min(dfWestLongitudeDeg, x[i]);
    1527        4660 :                     dfSouthLatitudeDeg = std::min(dfSouthLatitudeDeg, y[i]);
    1528        4660 :                     dfEastLongitudeDeg = std::max(dfEastLongitudeDeg, x[i]);
    1529        4660 :                     dfNorthLatitudeDeg = std::max(dfNorthLatitudeDeg, y[i]);
    1530             :                 }
    1531             :             }
    1532        1169 :             if (validity[0] && validity[1] && x[0] > x[1])
    1533             :             {
    1534           3 :                 dfWestLongitudeDeg = x[0];
    1535           3 :                 dfEastLongitudeDeg = x[1];
    1536             :             }
    1537        1169 :             if (ret && std::fabs(dfWestLongitudeDeg) <= 180 &&
    1538        1164 :                 std::fabs(dfEastLongitudeDeg) <= 180 &&
    1539        1160 :                 std::fabs(dfSouthLatitudeDeg) <= 90 &&
    1540        1156 :                 std::fabs(dfNorthLatitudeDeg) <= 90)
    1541             :             {
    1542        1156 :                 CPLDebug("GDAL", "Computing area of interest: %g, %g, %g, %g",
    1543             :                          dfWestLongitudeDeg, dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
    1544             :                          dfEastLongitudeDeg, dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
    1545             :             }
    1546             :             else
    1547             :             {
    1548          13 :                 CPLDebug("GDAL", "Could not compute area of interest");
    1549          13 :                 dfWestLongitudeDeg = 0;
    1550          13 :                 dfSouthLatitudeDeg = 0;
    1551          13 :                 dfEastLongitudeDeg = 0;
    1552          13 :                 dfNorthLatitudeDeg = 0;
    1553             :             }
    1554        1169 :             OGRCoordinateTransformation::DestroyCT(poCT);
    1555             :         }
    1556             : 
    1557        1169 :         delete poGeog;
    1558             :     }
    1559             : 
    1560        1169 :     return ret;
    1561             : }
    1562             : 
    1563           4 : bool GDALComputeAreaOfInterest(OGRSpatialReference *poSRS, double dfX1,
    1564             :                                double dfY1, double dfX2, double dfY2,
    1565             :                                double &dfWestLongitudeDeg,
    1566             :                                double &dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
    1567             :                                double &dfEastLongitudeDeg,
    1568             :                                double &dfNorthLatitudeDeg)
    1569             : {
    1570           4 :     bool ret = false;
    1571             : 
    1572           4 :     if (!poSRS)
    1573           0 :         return false;
    1574             : 
    1575           4 :     OGRSpatialReference oSrcSRSHoriz(*poSRS);
    1576           4 :     if (oSrcSRSHoriz.IsCompound())
    1577             :     {
    1578           0 :         oSrcSRSHoriz.StripVertical();
    1579             :     }
    1580             : 
    1581           4 :     OGRSpatialReference *poGeog = oSrcSRSHoriz.CloneGeogCS();
    1582           4 :     if (poGeog)
    1583             :     {
    1584           4 :         poGeog->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    1585             : 
    1586           4 :         auto poCT = OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(&oSrcSRSHoriz, poGeog);
    1587           4 :         if (poCT)
    1588             :         {
    1589             :             double x[4], y[4];
    1590           4 :             x[0] = dfX1;
    1591           4 :             y[0] = dfY1;
    1592           4 :             x[1] = dfX2;
    1593           4 :             y[1] = dfY1;
    1594           4 :             x[2] = dfX1;
    1595           4 :             y[2] = dfY2;
    1596           4 :             x[3] = dfX2;
    1597           4 :             y[3] = dfY2;
    1598           4 :             int validity[4] = {false, false, false, false};
    1599           4 :             poCT->Transform(4, x, y, nullptr, validity);
    1600           4 :             dfWestLongitudeDeg = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1601           4 :             dfSouthLatitudeDeg = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1602           4 :             dfEastLongitudeDeg = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1603           4 :             dfNorthLatitudeDeg = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    1604          20 :             for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
    1605             :             {
    1606          16 :                 if (validity[i])
    1607             :                 {
    1608          16 :                     ret = true;
    1609          16 :                     dfWestLongitudeDeg = std::min(dfWestLongitudeDeg, x[i]);
    1610          16 :                     dfSouthLatitudeDeg = std::min(dfSouthLatitudeDeg, y[i]);
    1611          16 :                     dfEastLongitudeDeg = std::max(dfEastLongitudeDeg, x[i]);
    1612          16 :                     dfNorthLatitudeDeg = std::max(dfNorthLatitudeDeg, y[i]);
    1613             :                 }
    1614             :             }
    1615           4 :             if (validity[0] && validity[1] && (dfX1 - dfX2) * (x[0] - x[1]) < 0)
    1616             :             {
    1617           0 :                 dfWestLongitudeDeg = x[0];
    1618           0 :                 dfEastLongitudeDeg = x[1];
    1619             :             }
    1620           4 :             if (ret)
    1621             :             {
    1622           4 :                 CPLDebug("GDAL", "Computing area of interest: %g, %g, %g, %g",
    1623             :                          dfWestLongitudeDeg, dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
    1624             :                          dfEastLongitudeDeg, dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
    1625             :             }
    1626             :             else
    1627             :             {
    1628           0 :                 CPLDebug("GDAL", "Could not compute area of interest");
    1629           0 :                 dfWestLongitudeDeg = 0;
    1630           0 :                 dfSouthLatitudeDeg = 0;
    1631           0 :                 dfEastLongitudeDeg = 0;
    1632           0 :                 dfNorthLatitudeDeg = 0;
    1633             :             }
    1634           4 :             delete poCT;
    1635             :         }
    1636             : 
    1637           4 :         delete poGeog;
    1638             :     }
    1639             : 
    1640           4 :     return ret;
    1641             : }
    1642             : 
    1643             : /************************************************************************/
    1644             : /*                    GDALGCPAntimeridianUnwrap()                       */
    1645             : /************************************************************************/
    1646             : 
    1647             : /* Deal with discontinuties of dfGCPX longitudes around the anti-meridian.
    1648             :  * Cf https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/issues/8371
    1649             :  */
    1650          41 : static void GDALGCPAntimeridianUnwrap(int nGCPCount, GDAL_GCP *pasGCPList,
    1651             :                                       const OGRSpatialReference &oSRS,
    1652             :                                       CSLConstList papszOptions)
    1653             : {
    1654             :     const char *pszGCPAntimeridianUnwrap =
    1655          41 :         CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "GCP_ANTIMERIDIAN_UNWRAP", "AUTO");
    1656         122 :     const bool bForced = EQUAL(pszGCPAntimeridianUnwrap, "YES") ||
    1657          40 :                          EQUAL(pszGCPAntimeridianUnwrap, "ON") ||
    1658         121 :                          EQUAL(pszGCPAntimeridianUnwrap, "TRUE") ||
    1659          40 :                          EQUAL(pszGCPAntimeridianUnwrap, "1");
    1660          47 :     if (bForced || (!oSRS.IsEmpty() && oSRS.IsGeographic() &&
    1661           6 :                     fabs(oSRS.GetAngularUnits(nullptr) -
    1662           6 :                          CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV)) < 1e-8 &&
    1663           6 :                     EQUAL(pszGCPAntimeridianUnwrap, "AUTO")))
    1664             :     {
    1665           6 :         if (!bForced)
    1666             :         {
    1667             :             // Proceed to unwrapping only if the longitudes are within
    1668             :             // [-180, -170] or [170, 180]
    1669         425 :             for (int i = 0; i < nGCPCount; ++i)
    1670             :             {
    1671         423 :                 const double dfLongAbs = fabs(pasGCPList[i].dfGCPX);
    1672         423 :                 if (dfLongAbs > 180 || dfLongAbs < 170)
    1673             :                 {
    1674           3 :                     return;
    1675             :                 }
    1676             :             }
    1677             :         }
    1678             : 
    1679           3 :         bool bDone = false;
    1680         633 :         for (int i = 0; i < nGCPCount; ++i)
    1681             :         {
    1682         630 :             if (pasGCPList[i].dfGCPX < 0)
    1683             :             {
    1684          48 :                 if (!bDone)
    1685             :                 {
    1686           3 :                     bDone = true;
    1687           3 :                     CPLDebug("WARP", "GCP longitude unwrapping");
    1688             :                 }
    1689          48 :                 pasGCPList[i].dfGCPX += 360;
    1690             :             }
    1691             :         }
    1692             :     }
    1693             : }
    1694             : 
    1695             : /************************************************************************/
    1696             : /*              GDALGetGenImgProjTranformerOptionList()                 */
    1697             : /************************************************************************/
    1698             : 
    1699             : /** Return a XML string describing options accepted by
    1700             :  * GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2().
    1701             :  *
    1702             :  * @since 3.11
    1703             :  */
    1704        1614 : const char *GDALGetGenImgProjTranformerOptionList(void)
    1705             : {
    1706             :     return "<OptionList>"
    1707             :            "<Option name='SRC_SRS' type='string' description='WKT SRS, or any "
    1708             :            "string recognized by OGRSpatialReference::SetFromUserInput(), to "
    1709             :            "be used as an override for CRS of input dataset'/>"
    1710             :            "<Option name='DST_SRS' type='string' description='WKT SRS, or any "
    1711             :            "string recognized by OGRSpatialReference::SetFromUserInput(), to "
    1712             :            "be used as an override for CRS of output dataset'/>"
    1713             :            "<Option name='PROMOTE_TO_3D' type='boolean' description='"
    1714             :            "Whether to promote SRC_SRS / DST_SRS to 3D.' "
    1715             :            "default='NO'/>"
    1716             :            "<Option name='COORDINATE_OPERATION' type='string' description='"
    1717             :            "Coordinate operation, as a PROJ or WKT string, used as an override "
    1718             :            "over the normally computed pipeline. The pipeline must take into "
    1719             :            "account the axis order of the source and target SRS.'/>"
    1720             :            "<Option name='ALLOW_BALLPARK' type='boolean' description='"
    1721             :            "Whether ballpark coordinate operations are allowed.' "
    1722             :            "default='YES'/>"
    1723             :            "<Option name='ONLY_BEST' type='string-select' "
    1724             :            "description='"
    1725             :            "By default (at least in the PROJ 9.x series), PROJ may use "
    1726             :            "coordinate operations that are not the \"best\" if resources "
    1727             :            "(typically grids) needed to use them are missing. It will then "
    1728             :            "fallback to other coordinate operations that have a lesser "
    1729             :            "accuracy, for example using Helmert transformations, or in the "
    1730             :            "absence of such operations, to ones with potential very rough "
    1731             :            " accuracy, using \"ballpark\" transformations (see "
    1732             :            "https://proj.org/glossary.html). "
    1733             :            "When calling this method with YES, PROJ will only consider the "
    1734             :            "\"best\" operation, and error out (at Transform() time) if they "
    1735             :            "cannot be used. This method may be used together with "
    1736             :            "ALLOW_BALLPARK=NO to only allow best operations that have a known "
    1737             :            "accuracy. Note that this method has no effect on PROJ versions "
    1738             :            "before 9.2. The default value for this option can be also set with "
    1739             :            "the PROJ_ONLY_BEST_DEFAULT environment variable, or with the "
    1740             :            "\"only_best_default\" setting of proj.ini. Setting "
    1741             :            "ONLY_BEST=YES/NO overrides such default value' default='AUTO'>"
    1742             :            "  <Value>AUTO</Value>"
    1743             :            "  <Value>YES</Value>"
    1744             :            "  <Value>NO</Value>"
    1745             :            "</Option>"
    1746             :            "<Option name='COORDINATE_EPOCH' type='float' description='"
    1747             :            "Coordinate epoch, expressed as a decimal year. Useful for "
    1748             :            "time-dependent coordinate operations.'/>"
    1749             :            "<Option name='SRC_COORDINATE_EPOCH' type='float' description='"
    1750             :            "Coordinate epoch of source CRS, expressed as a decimal year. "
    1751             :            "Useful for time-dependent coordinate operations.'/>"
    1752             :            "<Option name='DST_COORDINATE_EPOCH' type='float' description='"
    1753             :            "Coordinate epoch of target CRS, expressed as a decimal year. "
    1754             :            "Useful for time-dependent coordinate operations.'/>"
    1755             :            "<Option name='GCPS_OK' type='boolean' description='"
    1756             :            "Allow use of GCPs.' default='YES'/>"
    1757             :            "<Option name='REFINE_MINIMUM_GCPS' type='int' description='"
    1758             :            "The minimum amount of GCPs that should be available after the "
    1759             :            "refinement'/>"
    1760             :            "<Option name='REFINE_TOLERANCE' type='float' description='"
    1761             :            "The tolerance that specifies when a GCP will be eliminated.'/>"
    1762             :            "<Option name='MAX_GCP_ORDER' type='int' description='"
    1763             :            "The maximum order to use for GCP derived polynomials if possible. "
    1764             :            "The default is to autoselect based on the number of GCPs. A value "
    1765             :            "of -1 triggers use of Thin Plate Spline instead of polynomials.'/>"
    1766             :            "<Option name='GCP_ANTIMERIDIAN_UNWRAP' type='string-select' "
    1767             :            "description='"
    1768             :            "Whether to \"unwrap\" longitudes of ground control points that "
    1769             :            "span the antimeridian. For datasets with GCPs in "
    1770             :            "longitude/latitude coordinate space spanning the antimeridian, "
    1771             :            "longitudes will have a discontinuity on +/- 180 deg, and will "
    1772             :            "result in a subset of the GCPs with longitude in the [-180,-170] "
    1773             :            "range and another subset in [170, 180]. By default (AUTO), that "
    1774             :            "situation will be detected and longitudes in [-180,-170] will be "
    1775             :            "shifted to [180, 190] to get a continuous set. This option can be "
    1776             :            "set to YES to force that behavior (useful if no SRS information is "
    1777             :            "available), or to NO to disable it.' default='AUTO'>"
    1778             :            "  <Value>AUTO</Value>"
    1779             :            "  <Value>YES</Value>"
    1780             :            "  <Value>NO</Value>"
    1781             :            "</Option>"
    1782             :            "<Option name='SRC_METHOD' alias='METHOD' type='string-select' "
    1783             :            "description='"
    1784             :            "Force only one geolocation method to be considered on the source "
    1785             :            "dataset. Will be used for pixel/line to georef transformation on "
    1786             :            "the source dataset. NO_GEOTRANSFORM can be used to specify the "
    1787             :            "identity geotransform (ungeoreferenced image)'>"
    1788             :            "  <Value>GEOTRANSFORM</Value>"
    1789             :            "  <Value>GCP_POLYNOMIAL</Value>"
    1790             :            "  <Value>GCP_TPS</Value>"
    1791             :            "  <Value>GCP_HOMOGRAPHY</Value>"
    1792             :            "  <Value>GEOLOC_ARRAY</Value>"
    1793             :            "  <Value>RPC</Value>"
    1794             :            "  <Value>NO_GEOTRANSFORM</Value>"
    1795             :            "</Option>"
    1796             :            "<Option name='DST_METHOD' type='string-select' description='"
    1797             :            "Force only one geolocation method to be considered on the target "
    1798             :            "dataset. Will be used for pixel/line to georef transformation on "
    1799             :            "the targe dataset. NO_GEOTRANSFORM can be used to specify the "
    1800             :            "identity geotransform (ungeoreferenced image)'>"
    1801             :            "  <Value>GEOTRANSFORM</Value>"
    1802             :            "  <Value>GCP_POLYNOMIAL</Value>"
    1803             :            "  <Value>GCP_TPS</Value>"
    1804             :            "  <Value>GCP_HOMOGRAPHY</Value>"
    1805             :            "  <Value>GEOLOC_ARRAY</Value>"
    1806             :            "  <Value>RPC</Value>"
    1807             :            "  <Value>NO_GEOTRANSFORM</Value>"
    1808             :            "</Option>"
    1809             :            "<Option name='RPC_HEIGHT' type='float' description='"
    1810             :            "A fixed height to be used with RPC calculations. If RPC_HEIGHT and "
    1811             :            "RPC_DEM are not specified but that the RPC metadata domain contains"
    1812             :            " a HEIGHT_DEFAULT item (for example, the DIMAP driver may fill it),"
    1813             :            "this value will be used as the RPC_HEIGHT. Otherwise, if none of "
    1814             :            "RPC_HEIGHT and RPC_DEM are specified as transformer options and "
    1815             :            "if HEIGHT_DEFAULT is no available, a height of 0 will be used.'/>"
    1816             :            "<Option name='RPC_DEM' type='string' description='"
    1817             :            "Name of a GDAL dataset (a DEM file typically) used to extract "
    1818             :            "elevation offsets from. In this situation the Z passed into the "
    1819             :            "transformation function is assumed to be height above ground. "
    1820             :            "This option should be used in replacement of RPC_HEIGHT to provide "
    1821             :            "a way of defining a non uniform ground for the target scene.'/>"
    1822             :            "<Option name='RPC_HEIGHT_SCALE' type='float' description='"
    1823             :            "Factor used to multiply heights above ground. Useful when "
    1824             :            "elevation offsets of the DEM are not expressed in meters.'/>"
    1825             :            "<Option name='RPC_DEMINTERPOLATION' type='string-select' "
    1826             :            "description='DEM interpolation method' default='BILINEAR'>"
    1827             :            "  <Value>NEAR</Value>"
    1828             :            "  <Value>BILINEAR</Value>"
    1829             :            "  <Value>CUBIC</Value>"
    1830             :            "</Option>"
    1831             :            "<Option name='RPC_DEM_MISSING_VALUE' type='float' description='"
    1832             :            "Value of DEM height that must be used in case the DEM has nodata "
    1833             :            "value at the sampling point, or if its extent does not cover the "
    1834             :            "requested coordinate. When not specified, missing values will "
    1835             :            "cause a failed transform.'/>"
    1836             :            "<Option name='RPC_DEM_SRS' type='string' description='"
    1837             :            "WKT SRS, or any string recognized by "
    1838             :            "OGRSpatialReference::SetFromUserInput(), to be used as an "
    1839             :            "override for DEM SRS. Useful if DEM SRS does not have an explicit "
    1840             :            "vertical component.'/>"
    1841             :            "<Option name='RPC_DEM_APPLY_VDATUM_SHIFT' type='boolean' "
    1842             :            "description='"
    1843             :            "Whether the vertical component of a compound SRS for the DEM "
    1844             :            "should be used (when it is present). This is useful so as to "
    1845             :            "be able to transform the raw values from the DEM expressed with "
    1846             :            "respect to a geoid to the heights with respect to the WGS84 "
    1847             :            "ellipsoid. When this is enabled, the GTIFF_REPORT_COMPD_CS "
    1848             :            "configuration option will be also set temporarily so as to get "
    1849             :            "the vertical information from GeoTIFF files.' default='YES'/>"
    1850             :            "<Option name='RPC_PIXEL_ERROR_THRESHOLD' type='float' description='"
    1851             :            "Overrides the dfPixErrThreshold parameter, i.e. the error "
    1852             :            "(measured in pixels) allowed in the iterative solution of "
    1853             :            "pixel/line to lat/long computations (the other way is always "
    1854             :            "exact given the equations).'/>"
    1855             :            "<Option name='RPC_MAX_ITERATIONS' type='int' description='"
    1856             :            "Maximum number of iterations allowed in the iterative solution of "
    1857             :            "pixel/line to lat/long computations. Default value is 10 in the "
    1858             :            "absence of a DEM, or 20 if there is a DEM.'/>"
    1859             :            "<Option name='RPC_FOOTPRINT' type='string' description='"
    1860             :            "WKT or GeoJSON polygon (in long / lat coordinate space) with a "
    1861             :            "validity footprint for the RPC. Any coordinate transformation that "
    1862             :            "goes from or arrive outside this footprint will be considered "
    1863             :            "invalid. This* is useful in situations where the RPC values become "
    1864             :            "highly unstable outside of the area on which they have been "
    1865             :            "computed for, potentially leading to undesirable \"echoes\" / "
    1866             :            "false positives. This requires GDAL to be built against GEOS..'/>"
    1867             :            "<Option name='RPC_MAX_ITERATIONS' type='int' description='"
    1868             :            "Maximum number of iterations allowed in the iterative solution of "
    1869             :            "pixel/line to lat/long computations. Default value is 10 in the "
    1870             :            "absence of a DEM, or 20 if there is a DEM.'/>"
    1871             :            "<Option name='INSERT_CENTER_LONG' type='boolean' description='"
    1872             :            "May be set to FALSE to disable setting up a CENTER_LONG value on "
    1873             :            "the coordinate system to rewrap things around the center of the "
    1874             :            "image.' default='YES'/>"
    1875             :            "<Option name='SRC_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRS_UNIT' type='float' "
    1876             :            "description='"
    1877             :            "Use an approximate transformer for the source transformer. Must be "
    1878             :            "defined together with SRC_APPROX_ERROR_IN_PIXEL to be taken into "
    1879             :            "account.'/>"
    1880             :            "<Option name='SRC_APPROX_ERROR_IN_PIXEL' type='float' "
    1881             :            "description='"
    1882             :            "Use an approximate transformer for the source transformer. Must be "
    1883             :            "defined together with SRC_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRS_UNIT to be taken "
    1884             :            "into "
    1885             :            "account.'/>"
    1886             :            "<Option name='DST_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRS_UNIT' type='float' "
    1887             :            "description='"
    1888             :            "Use an approximate transformer for the target transformer. Must be "
    1889             :            "defined together with DST_APPROX_ERROR_IN_PIXEL to be taken into "
    1890             :            "account.'/>"
    1891             :            "<Option name='DST_APPROX_ERROR_IN_PIXEL' type='float' "
    1892             :            "description='"
    1893             :            "Use an approximate transformer for the target transformer. Must be "
    1894             :            "defined together with DST_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRS_UNIT to be taken "
    1895             :            "into "
    1896             :            "account.'/>"
    1897             :            "<Option name='REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRC_SRS_UNIT' "
    1898             :            "type='float' "
    1899             :            "description='"
    1900             :            "Use an approximate transformer for the coordinate reprojection. "
    1901             :            "Must be used together with "
    1902             :            "REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_DST_SRS_UNIT to be taken into "
    1903             :            "account.'/>"
    1904             :            "<Option name='REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_DST_SRS_UNIT' "
    1905             :            "type='float' "
    1906             :            "description='"
    1907             :            "Use an approximate transformer for the coordinate reprojection. "
    1908             :            "Must be used together with "
    1909             :            "REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRC_SRS_UNIT to be taken into "
    1910             :            "account.'/>"
    1911             :            "<Option name='AREA_OF_INTEREST' type='string' "
    1912             :            "description='"
    1913             :            "Area of interest, as "
    1914             :            "west_lon_deg,south_lat_deg,east_lon_deg,north_lat_deg, used to "
    1915             :            "compute the best coordinate operation between the source and "
    1916             :            "target SRS. If not specified, the bounding box of the source "
    1917             :            "raster will be used.'/>"
    1918             :            "<Option name='GEOLOC_BACKMAP_OVERSAMPLE_FACTOR' type='float' "
    1919             :            "min='0.1' max='2' description='"
    1920             :            "Oversample factor used to derive the size of the \"backmap\" used "
    1921             :            "for geolocation array transformers.' default='1.3'/>"
    1922             :            "<Option name='GEOLOC_USE_TEMP_DATASETS' type='boolean' "
    1923             :            "description='"
    1924             :            "Whether temporary GeoTIFF datasets should be used to store the "
    1925             :            "backmap. The default is NO, that is to use in-memory arrays, "
    1926             :            "unless the number of pixels of the geolocation array is greater "
    1927             :            "than 16 megapixels.' default='NO'/>"
    1928             :            "<Option name='GEOLOC_ARRAY' alias='SRC_GEOLOC_ARRAY' type='string' "
    1929             :            "description='"
    1930             :            "Name of a GDAL dataset containing a geolocation array and "
    1931             :            "associated metadata. This is an alternative to having geolocation "
    1932             :            "information described in the GEOLOCATION metadata domain of the "
    1933             :            "source dataset. The dataset specified may have a GEOLOCATION "
    1934             :            "metadata domain containing appropriate metadata, however default "
    1935             :            "values are assigned for all omitted items. X_BAND defaults to 1 "
    1936             :            "and Y_BAND to 2, however the dataset must contain exactly 2 bands. "
    1937             :            "PIXEL_OFFSET and LINE_OFFSET default to 0. PIXEL_STEP and "
    1938             :            "LINE_STEP default to the ratio of the width/height of the source "
    1939             :            "dataset divided by the with/height of the geolocation array. "
    1940             :            "SRS defaults to the spatial reference system of the geolocation "
    1941             :            "array dataset, if set, otherwise WGS84 is used. "
    1942             :            "GEOREFERENCING_CONVENTION is selected from the main metadata "
    1943             :            "domain if it is omitted from the GEOLOCATION domain, and if not "
    1944             :            "available TOP_LEFT_CORNER is assigned as a default. "
    1945             :            "If GEOLOC_ARRAY is set SRC_METHOD defaults to GEOLOC_ARRAY.'/>"
    1946             :            "<Option name='DST_GEOLOC_ARRAY' type='string' "
    1947             :            "description='"
    1948             :            "Name of a GDAL dataset that contains at least 2 bands with the X "
    1949             :            "and Y geolocation bands. This is an alternative to having "
    1950             :            "geolocation information described in the GEOLOCATION metadata "
    1951             :            "domain of the destination dataset. See SRC_GEOLOC_ARRAY "
    1952             :            "description for details, assumptions, and defaults. If this "
    1953             :            "option is set, DST_METHOD=GEOLOC_ARRAY will be assumed if not "
    1954             :            "set.'/>"
    1955             :            "<Option name='NUM_THREADS' type='string' "
    1956             :            "description='Number of threads to use'/>"
    1957        1614 :            "</OptionList>";
    1958             : }
    1959             : 
    1960             : /************************************************************************/
    1961             : /*                  GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2()                  */
    1962             : /************************************************************************/
    1963             : 
    1964             : /* clang-format off */
    1965             : /**
    1966             :  * Create image to image transformer.
    1967             :  *
    1968             :  * This function creates a transformation object that maps from pixel/line
    1969             :  * coordinates on one image to pixel/line coordinates on another image.  The
    1970             :  * images may potentially be georeferenced in different coordinate systems,
    1971             :  * and may used GCPs to map between their pixel/line coordinates and
    1972             :  * georeferenced coordinates (as opposed to the default assumption that their
    1973             :  * geotransform should be used).
    1974             :  *
    1975             :  * This transformer potentially performs three concatenated transformations.
    1976             :  *
    1977             :  * The first stage is from source image pixel/line coordinates to source
    1978             :  * image georeferenced coordinates, and may be done using the geotransform,
    1979             :  * or if not defined using a polynomial model derived from GCPs.  If GCPs
    1980             :  * are used this stage is accomplished using GDALGCPTransform().
    1981             :  *
    1982             :  * The second stage is to change projections from the source coordinate system
    1983             :  * to the destination coordinate system, assuming they differ.  This is
    1984             :  * accomplished internally using GDALReprojectionTransform().
    1985             :  *
    1986             :  * The third stage is converting from destination image georeferenced
    1987             :  * coordinates to destination image coordinates.  This is done using the
    1988             :  * destination image geotransform, or if not available, using a polynomial
    1989             :  * model derived from GCPs. If GCPs are used this stage is accomplished using
    1990             :  * GDALGCPTransform().  This stage is skipped if hDstDS is NULL when the
    1991             :  * transformation is created.
    1992             :  *
    1993             :  * Supported Options (specified with the -to switch of gdalwarp for example):
    1994             :  * <ul>
    1995             :  * <li> SRC_SRS: WKT SRS, or any string recognized by
    1996             :  * OGRSpatialReference::SetFromUserInput(), to be used as an override for
    1997             :  * hSrcDS.</li>
    1998             :  * <li> DST_SRS: WKT SRS, or any string recognized by
    1999             :  * OGRSpatialReference::SetFromUserInput(),  to be used as an override for
    2000             :  * hDstDS.
    2001             :  * </li>
    2002             :  * <li>PROMOTE_TO_3D=YES/NO: whether to promote SRC_SRS / DST_SRS to 3D.
    2003             :  * Default is NO</li>
    2004             :  * <li> COORDINATE_OPERATION: (GDAL &gt;= 3.0) Coordinate operation, as
    2005             :  * a PROJ or WKT string, used as an override over the normally computed
    2006             :  * pipeline. The pipeline must take into account the axis order of the source
    2007             :  * and target SRS.
    2008             :  * </li>
    2009             :  * <li> ALLOW_BALLPARK=YES/NO: (GDAL &gt;= 3.11) Whether ballpark coordinate
    2010             :  * operations are allowed. Defaults to YES.</li>
    2011             :  * <li> ONLY_BEST=YES/NO/AUTO: (GDAL &gt;= 3.11) By default (at least in the
    2012             :  * PROJ 9.x series), PROJ may use coordinate
    2013             :  * operations that are not the "best" if resources (typically grids) needed
    2014             :  * to use them are missing. It will then fallback to other coordinate operations
    2015             :  * that have a lesser accuracy, for example using Helmert transformations,
    2016             :  * or in the absence of such operations, to ones with potential very rought
    2017             :  * accuracy, using "ballpark" transformations
    2018             :  * (see https://proj.org/glossary.html).
    2019             :  * When calling this method with YES, PROJ will only consider the
    2020             :  * "best" operation, and error out (at Transform() time) if they cannot be
    2021             :  * used.
    2022             :  * This method may be used together with ALLOW_BALLPARK=NO to
    2023             :  * only allow best operations that have a known accuracy.
    2024             :  * Note that this method has no effect on PROJ versions before 9.2.
    2025             :  * The default value for this option can be also set with the
    2026             :  * PROJ_ONLY_BEST_DEFAULT environment variable, or with the "only_best_default"
    2027             :  * setting of proj.ini. Calling SetOnlyBest() overrides such default value.</li>
    2028             :  * <li> COORDINATE_EPOCH: (GDAL &gt;= 3.0) Coordinate epoch,
    2029             :  * expressed as a decimal year. Useful for time-dependent coordinate operations.
    2030             :  * </li>
    2031             :  * <li> SRC_COORDINATE_EPOCH: (GDAL &gt;= 3.4) Coordinate epoch of source CRS,
    2032             :  * expressed as a decimal year. Useful for time-dependent coordinate operations.
    2033             :  * </li>
    2034             :  * <li> DST_COORDINATE_EPOCH: (GDAL &gt;= 3.4) Coordinate epoch of target CRS,
    2035             :  * expressed as a decimal year. Useful for time-dependent coordinate operations.
    2036             :  * </li>
    2037             :  * <li> GCPS_OK: If false, GCPs will not be used, default is TRUE.
    2038             :  * </li>
    2039             :  * <li> REFINE_MINIMUM_GCPS: The minimum amount of GCPs that should be available
    2040             :  * after the refinement.
    2041             :  * </li>
    2042             :  * <li> REFINE_TOLERANCE: The tolerance that specifies when a GCP will be
    2043             :  * eliminated.
    2044             :  * </li>
    2045             :  * <li> MAX_GCP_ORDER: the maximum order to use for GCP derived polynomials if
    2046             :  * possible.  The default is to autoselect based on the number of GCPs.
    2047             :  * A value of -1 triggers use of Thin Plate Spline instead of polynomials.
    2048             :  * </li>
    2049             :  * <li>GCP_ANTIMERIDIAN_UNWRAP=AUTO/YES/NO. (GDAL &gt;= 3.8) Whether to
    2050             :  * "unwrap" longitudes of ground control points that span the antimeridian.
    2051             :  * For datasets with GCPs in longitude/latitude coordinate space spanning the
    2052             :  * antimeridian, longitudes will have a discontinuity on +/- 180 deg, and
    2053             :  * will result in a subset of the GCPs with longitude in the [-180,-170] range
    2054             :  * and another subset in [170, 180]. By default (AUTO), that situation will be
    2055             :  * detected and longitudes in [-180,-170] will be shifted to [180, 190] to get
    2056             :  * a continuous set. This option can be set to YES to force that behavior
    2057             :  * (useful if no SRS information is available), or to NO to disable it.
    2058             :  * </li>
    2059             :  * <li> SRC_METHOD: may have a value which is one of GEOTRANSFORM, GCP_HOMOGRAPHY,
    2060             :  * GCP_POLYNOMIAL, GCP_TPS, GEOLOC_ARRAY, RPC to force only one geolocation
    2061             :  * method to be considered on the source dataset. Will be used for pixel/line
    2062             :  * to georef transformation on the source dataset. NO_GEOTRANSFORM can be
    2063             :  * used to specify the identity geotransform (ungeoreferenced image)
    2064             :  * </li>
    2065             :  * <li> DST_METHOD: may have a value which is one of GEOTRANSFORM,
    2066             :  * GCP_POLYNOMIAL, GCP_HOMOGRAPHY, GCP_TPS, GEOLOC_ARRAY (added in 3.5), RPC to
    2067             :  * force only one
    2068             :  * geolocation method to be considered on the target dataset.  Will be used for
    2069             :  * pixel/line to georef transformation on the destination dataset.
    2070             :  * NO_GEOTRANSFORM can be used to specify the identity geotransform
    2071             :  * (ungeoreferenced image)
    2072             :  * </li>
    2073             :  * <li> RPC_HEIGHT: A fixed height to be used with RPC
    2074             :  * calculations. If RPC_HEIGHT and RPC_DEM are not specified but that the RPC
    2075             :  * metadata domain contains a HEIGHT_DEFAULT item (for example, the DIMAP driver
    2076             :  * may fill it), this value will be used as the RPC_HEIGHT. Otherwise, if none
    2077             :  * of RPC_HEIGHT and RPC_DEM are specified as transformer
    2078             :  * options and if HEIGHT_DEFAULT is no available, a height of 0 will be used.
    2079             :  * </li>
    2080             :  * <li> RPC_DEM: The name of a DEM file to be used with RPC
    2081             :  * calculations. See GDALCreateRPCTransformerV2() for more details.
    2082             :  * </li>
    2083             :  * <li> Other RPC related options. See GDALCreateRPCTransformerV2()
    2084             :  * </li>
    2085             :  * <li>
    2086             :  * INSERT_CENTER_LONG: May be set to FALSE to disable setting up a CENTER_LONG
    2087             :  * value on the coordinate system to rewrap things around the center of the
    2088             :  * image.
    2089             :  * </li>
    2090             :  * <li> SRC_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRS_UNIT=err_threshold_in_SRS_units. (GDAL
    2091             :  * &gt;= 2.2) Use an approximate transformer for the source transformer. Must be
    2092             :  * defined together with SRC_APPROX_ERROR_IN_PIXEL to be taken into account.
    2093             :  * </li>
    2094             :  * <li> SRC_APPROX_ERROR_IN_PIXEL=err_threshold_in_pixel. (GDAL &gt;= 2.2) Use
    2095             :  * an approximate transformer for the source transformer.. Must be defined
    2096             :  * together with SRC_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRS_UNIT to be taken into account.
    2097             :  * </li>
    2098             :  * <li>
    2099             :  * DST_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRS_UNIT=err_threshold_in_SRS_units. (GDAL &gt;= 2.2) Use
    2100             :  * an approximate transformer for the destination transformer. Must be defined
    2101             :  * together with DST_APPROX_ERROR_IN_PIXEL to be taken into account.
    2102             :  * </li>
    2103             :  * <li>
    2104             :  * DST_APPROX_ERROR_IN_PIXEL=err_threshold_in_pixel. (GDAL &gt;= 2.2) Use an
    2105             :  * approximate transformer for the destination transformer. Must be defined
    2106             :  * together with DST_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRS_UNIT to be taken into account.
    2107             :  * </li>
    2108             :  * <li>
    2109             :  * REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRC_SRS_UNIT=err_threshold_in_src_SRS_units.
    2110             :  * (GDAL &gt;= 2.2) Use an approximate transformer for the coordinate
    2111             :  * reprojection. Must be used together with
    2112             :  * REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_DST_SRS_UNIT to be taken into account.
    2113             :  * </li>
    2114             :  * <li>
    2115             :  * REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_DST_SRS_UNIT=err_threshold_in_dst_SRS_units.
    2116             :  * (GDAL &gt;= 2.2) Use an approximate transformer for the coordinate
    2117             :  * reprojection. Must be used together with
    2118             :  * REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRC_SRS_UNIT to be taken into account.
    2119             :  * </li>
    2120             :  * <li>
    2121             :  * AREA_OF_INTEREST=west_lon_deg,south_lat_deg,east_lon_deg,north_lat_deg. (GDAL
    2122             :  * &gt;= 3.0) Area of interest, used to compute the best coordinate operation
    2123             :  * between the source and target SRS. If not specified, the bounding box of the
    2124             :  * source raster will be used.
    2125             :  * </li>
    2126             :  * <li> GEOLOC_BACKMAP_OVERSAMPLE_FACTOR=[0.1,2]. (GDAL &gt;= 3.5) Oversample
    2127             :  * factor used to derive the size of the "backmap" used for geolocation array
    2128             :  * transformers. Default value is 1.3.
    2129             :  * </li>
    2130             :  * <li> GEOLOC_USE_TEMP_DATASETS=YES/NO.
    2131             :  * (GDAL &gt;= 3.5) Whether temporary GeoTIFF datasets should be used to store
    2132             :  * the backmap. The default is NO, that is to use in-memory arrays, unless the
    2133             :  * number of pixels of the geolocation array is greater than 16 megapixels.
    2134             :  * </li>
    2135             :  * <li>
    2136             :  * GEOLOC_ARRAY/SRC_GEOLOC_ARRAY=filename. (GDAL &gt;= 3.5.2) Name of a GDAL
    2137             :  * dataset containing a geolocation array and associated metadata. This is an
    2138             :  * alternative to having geolocation information described in the GEOLOCATION
    2139             :  * metadata domain of the source dataset. The dataset specified may have a
    2140             :  * GEOLOCATION metadata domain containing appropriate metadata, however default
    2141             :  * values are assigned for all omitted items. X_BAND defaults to 1 and Y_BAND to
    2142             :  * 2, however the dataset must contain exactly 2 bands. PIXEL_OFFSET and
    2143             :  * LINE_OFFSET default to 0. PIXEL_STEP and LINE_STEP default to the ratio of
    2144             :  * the width/height of the source dataset divided by the with/height of the
    2145             :  * geolocation array. SRS defaults to the geolocation array dataset's spatial
    2146             :  * reference system if set, otherwise WGS84 is used.
    2147             :  * GEOREFERENCING_CONVENTION is selected from the main metadata domain if it
    2148             :  * is omitted from the GEOLOCATION domain, and if not available
    2149             :  * TOP_LEFT_CORNER is assigned as a default.
    2150             :  * If GEOLOC_ARRAY is set SRC_METHOD
    2151             :  * defaults to GEOLOC_ARRAY.
    2152             :  * </li>
    2153             :  * <li>DST_GEOLOC_ARRAY=filename. (GDAL &gt;= 3.5.2) Name of a
    2154             :  * GDAL dataset that contains at least 2 bands with the X and Y geolocation
    2155             :  * bands. This is an alternative to having geolocation information described in
    2156             :  * the GEOLOCATION metadata domain of the destination dataset. See
    2157             :  * SRC_GEOLOC_ARRAY description for details, assumptions, and defaults. If this
    2158             :  * option is set, DST_METHOD=GEOLOC_ARRAY will be assumed if not set.
    2159             :  * </li>
    2160             :  * </ul>
    2161             :  *
    2162             :  * The use case for the *_APPROX_ERROR_* options is when defining an approximate
    2163             :  * transformer on top of the GenImgProjTransformer globally is not practical.
    2164             :  * Such a use case is when the source dataset has RPC with a RPC DEM. In such
    2165             :  * case we don't want to use the approximate transformer on the RPC
    2166             :  * transformation, as the RPC DEM generally involves non-linearities that the
    2167             :  * approximate transformer will not detect. In such case, we must a
    2168             :  * non-approximated GenImgProjTransformer, but it might be worthwhile to use
    2169             :  * approximate sub- transformers, for example on coordinate reprojection. For
    2170             :  * example if warping from a source dataset with RPC to a destination dataset
    2171             :  * with a UTM projection, since the inverse UTM transformation is rather costly.
    2172             :  * In which case, one can use the REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRC_SRS_UNIT and
    2173             :  * REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_DST_SRS_UNIT options.
    2174             :  *
    2175             :  * The list of supported options can also be programmatically obtained with
    2176             :  * GDALGetGenImgProjTranformerOptionList().
    2177             :  *
    2178             :  * @param hSrcDS source dataset, or NULL.
    2179             :  * @param hDstDS destination dataset (or NULL).
    2180             :  * @param papszOptions NULL-terminated list of string options (or NULL).
    2181             :  *
    2182             :  * @return handle suitable for use GDALGenImgProjTransform(), and to be
    2183             :  * deallocated with GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer() or NULL on failure.
    2184             :  */
    2185             : /* clang-format on */
    2186             : 
    2187        1613 : void *GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer2(GDALDatasetH hSrcDS, GDALDatasetH hDstDS,
    2188             :                                        CSLConstList papszOptions)
    2189             : 
    2190             : {
    2191        1613 :     GDALValidateOptions(GDALGetGenImgProjTranformerOptionList(), papszOptions,
    2192             :                         "option", "transformer options");
    2193             : 
    2194        1613 :     double dfWestLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
    2195        1613 :     double dfSouthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
    2196        1613 :     double dfEastLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
    2197        1613 :     double dfNorthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
    2198        1613 :     bool bHasAreaOfInterest = false;
    2199        1613 :     if (const char *pszAreaOfInterest =
    2200        1613 :             CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "AREA_OF_INTEREST"))
    2201             :     {
    2202             :         const CPLStringList aosTokens(
    2203           0 :             CSLTokenizeString2(pszAreaOfInterest, ", ", 0));
    2204           0 :         if (aosTokens.size() == 4)
    2205             :         {
    2206           0 :             dfWestLongitudeDeg = CPLAtof(aosTokens[0]);
    2207           0 :             dfSouthLatitudeDeg = CPLAtof(aosTokens[1]);
    2208           0 :             dfEastLongitudeDeg = CPLAtof(aosTokens[2]);
    2209           0 :             dfNorthLatitudeDeg = CPLAtof(aosTokens[3]);
    2210           0 :             bHasAreaOfInterest = true;
    2211             :         }
    2212             :     }
    2213             : 
    2214        1613 :     const char *pszCO = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "COORDINATE_OPERATION");
    2215             : 
    2216             :     const auto SetAxisMapping =
    2217        3529 :         [papszOptions](OGRSpatialReference &oSRS, const char *pszPrefix)
    2218             :     {
    2219        1177 :         const char *pszMapping = CSLFetchNameValue(
    2220        2354 :             papszOptions, std::string(pszPrefix)
    2221        1177 :                               .append("_DATA_AXIS_TO_SRS_AXIS_MAPPING")
    2222             :                               .c_str());
    2223        1177 :         if (pszMapping)
    2224             :         {
    2225           4 :             CPLStringList aosTokens(CSLTokenizeString2(pszMapping, ",", 0));
    2226           4 :             std::vector<int> anMapping;
    2227           6 :             for (int i = 0; i < aosTokens.size(); ++i)
    2228           4 :                 anMapping.push_back(atoi(aosTokens[i]));
    2229           2 :             oSRS.SetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping(anMapping);
    2230             :         }
    2231             :         else
    2232             :         {
    2233        1175 :             const char *pszStrategy = CSLFetchNameValueDef(
    2234             :                 papszOptions,
    2235        2350 :                 std::string(pszPrefix).append("_AXIS_MAPPING_STRATEGY").c_str(),
    2236             :                 "TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER");
    2237        1175 :             if (EQUAL(pszStrategy, "TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER"))
    2238        1174 :                 oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    2239           1 :             else if (EQUAL(pszStrategy, "AUTHORITY_COMPLIANT"))
    2240           1 :                 oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_AUTHORITY_COMPLIANT);
    2241             :             else
    2242             :             {
    2243           0 :                 CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2244             :                          "Unrecognized value '%s' for %s", pszStrategy,
    2245           0 :                          std::string(pszPrefix)
    2246           0 :                              .append("_AXIS_MAPPING_STRATEGY")
    2247             :                              .c_str());
    2248           0 :                 return false;
    2249             :             }
    2250             :         }
    2251        1177 :         return true;
    2252        1613 :     };
    2253             : 
    2254             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2255             :     /*      Initialize the transform info.                                  */
    2256             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2257             :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    2258        1613 :         GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformerInternal();
    2259             : 
    2260             :     const auto DealWithForwardOrInverse =
    2261        3212 :         [bHasAreaOfInterest, &dfWestLongitudeDeg, &dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
    2262             :          &dfEastLongitudeDeg, &dfNorthLatitudeDeg, pszCO, papszOptions,
    2263             :          &SetAxisMapping](GDALGenImgProjTransformPart &part, GDALDatasetH hDS,
    2264             :                           const char *pszPrefix, OGRSpatialReference &oSRS,
    2265       31232 :                           bool &bCanUseGeoTransform)
    2266             :     {
    2267             :         const int nOrder =
    2268        3212 :             atoi(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "MAX_GCP_ORDER", "0"));
    2269             : 
    2270             :         const bool bGCPUseOK =
    2271        3212 :             CPLTestBool(CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "GCPS_OK", "YES"));
    2272        3212 :         const int nMinimumGcps = atoi(
    2273             :             CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "REFINE_MINIMUM_GCPS", "-1"));
    2274             : 
    2275             :         const char *pszRefineTolerance =
    2276        3212 :             CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "REFINE_TOLERANCE");
    2277        3212 :         const bool bRefine = pszRefineTolerance != nullptr;
    2278             :         const double dfTolerance =
    2279        3212 :             pszRefineTolerance ? CPLAtof(pszRefineTolerance) : 0.0;
    2280             : 
    2281             :         const std::string osSRSOptionName =
    2282        9636 :             std::string(pszPrefix).append("_SRS");
    2283             :         const char *pszSRS =
    2284        3212 :             CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, osSRSOptionName.c_str());
    2285        3212 :         if (pszSRS)
    2286             :         {
    2287        2350 :             if (pszSRS[0] != '\0' &&
    2288        1173 :                 oSRS.SetFromUserInput(pszSRS) != OGRERR_NONE)
    2289             :             {
    2290           0 :                 CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2291             :                          "Failed to import coordinate system `%s'.", pszSRS);
    2292           0 :                 return false;
    2293             :             }
    2294        1177 :             if (!SetAxisMapping(oSRS, osSRSOptionName.c_str()))
    2295           0 :                 return false;
    2296             :         }
    2297             : 
    2298        3212 :         CSLConstList papszMD = nullptr;
    2299             :         GDALRPCInfoV2 sRPCInfo;
    2300             : 
    2301        3212 :         bCanUseGeoTransform = false;
    2302             : 
    2303        3212 :         const char *pszMethod = CSLFetchNameValue(
    2304        6424 :             papszOptions, std::string(pszPrefix).append("_METHOD").c_str());
    2305        3212 :         if (!pszMethod && EQUAL(pszPrefix, "SRC"))
    2306        1581 :             pszMethod = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "METHOD");
    2307             : 
    2308        3212 :         const char *pszGeolocArray = CSLFetchNameValue(
    2309             :             papszOptions,
    2310        6424 :             std::string(pszPrefix).append("_GEOLOC_ARRAY").c_str());
    2311        3212 :         if (!pszGeolocArray && EQUAL(pszPrefix, "SRC"))
    2312        1612 :             pszGeolocArray = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "GEOLOC_ARRAY");
    2313        3212 :         if (!pszMethod && pszGeolocArray != nullptr)
    2314           9 :             pszMethod = "GEOLOC_ARRAY";
    2315             : 
    2316             :         /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2317             :         /*      Get forward and inverse geotransform for the source image.      */
    2318             :         /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2319        3212 :         if (hDS == nullptr ||
    2320          86 :             (pszMethod != nullptr && EQUAL(pszMethod, "NO_GEOTRANSFORM")))
    2321             :         {
    2322        1302 :             part.adfGeoTransform[0] = 0.0;
    2323        1302 :             part.adfGeoTransform[1] = 1.0;
    2324        1302 :             part.adfGeoTransform[2] = 0.0;
    2325        1302 :             part.adfGeoTransform[3] = 0.0;
    2326        1302 :             part.adfGeoTransform[4] = 0.0;
    2327        1302 :             part.adfGeoTransform[5] = 1.0;
    2328        1302 :             memcpy(part.adfInvGeoTransform, part.adfGeoTransform,
    2329             :                    sizeof(double) * 6);
    2330             :         }
    2331        3753 :         else if ((pszMethod == nullptr || EQUAL(pszMethod, "GEOTRANSFORM")) &&
    2332        1843 :                  GDALGetGeoTransform(hDS, part.adfGeoTransform) == CE_None)
    2333             :         {
    2334        1764 :             if (!GDALInvGeoTransform(part.adfGeoTransform,
    2335        1764 :                                      part.adfInvGeoTransform))
    2336             :             {
    2337           0 :                 CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2338             :                          "Cannot invert geotransform");
    2339           0 :                 return false;
    2340             :             }
    2341        1764 :             if (pszSRS == nullptr)
    2342             :             {
    2343        1605 :                 auto hSRS = GDALGetSpatialRef(hDS);
    2344        1605 :                 if (hSRS)
    2345        1290 :                     oSRS = *(OGRSpatialReference::FromHandle(hSRS));
    2346             :             }
    2347        1764 :             if (EQUAL(pszPrefix, "SRC"))
    2348             :             {
    2349        1366 :                 if (!bHasAreaOfInterest && pszCO == nullptr && !oSRS.IsEmpty())
    2350             :                 {
    2351        1153 :                     GDALComputeAreaOfInterest(
    2352        1153 :                         &oSRS, part.adfGeoTransform, GDALGetRasterXSize(hDS),
    2353             :                         GDALGetRasterYSize(hDS), dfWestLongitudeDeg,
    2354             :                         dfSouthLatitudeDeg, dfEastLongitudeDeg,
    2355             :                         dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
    2356             :                 }
    2357        1366 :                 bCanUseGeoTransform = true;
    2358             :             }
    2359             :         }
    2360         146 :         else if (bGCPUseOK &&
    2361          79 :                  ((pszMethod == nullptr && GDALGetGCPCount(hDS) >= 4 &&
    2362         146 :                    GDALGetGCPCount(hDS) < 6) ||
    2363          67 :                   (pszMethod != nullptr &&
    2364         293 :                    EQUAL(pszMethod, "GCP_HOMOGRAPHY"))) &&
    2365          22 :                  GDALGetGCPCount(hDS) > 0)
    2366             :         {
    2367          22 :             if (pszSRS == nullptr)
    2368             :             {
    2369          21 :                 auto hSRS = GDALGetGCPSpatialRef(hDS);
    2370          21 :                 if (hSRS)
    2371          21 :                     oSRS = *(OGRSpatialReference::FromHandle(hSRS));
    2372             :             }
    2373             : 
    2374          22 :             const auto nGCPCount = GDALGetGCPCount(hDS);
    2375          22 :             auto pasGCPList = GDALDuplicateGCPs(nGCPCount, GDALGetGCPs(hDS));
    2376          22 :             GDALGCPAntimeridianUnwrap(nGCPCount, pasGCPList, oSRS,
    2377             :                                       papszOptions);
    2378             : 
    2379          22 :             part.pTransformArg =
    2380          22 :                 GDALCreateHomographyTransformerFromGCPs(nGCPCount, pasGCPList);
    2381             : 
    2382          22 :             GDALDeinitGCPs(nGCPCount, pasGCPList);
    2383          22 :             CPLFree(pasGCPList);
    2384             : 
    2385          22 :             if (part.pTransformArg == nullptr)
    2386             :             {
    2387           0 :                 return false;
    2388             :             }
    2389          22 :             part.pTransformer = GDALHomographyTransform;
    2390             :         }
    2391         124 :         else if (bGCPUseOK &&
    2392          66 :                  (pszMethod == nullptr || EQUAL(pszMethod, "GCP_POLYNOMIAL")) &&
    2393         248 :                  GDALGetGCPCount(hDS) > 0 && nOrder >= 0)
    2394             :         {
    2395           8 :             if (pszSRS == nullptr)
    2396             :             {
    2397           8 :                 auto hSRS = GDALGetGCPSpatialRef(hDS);
    2398           8 :                 if (hSRS)
    2399           8 :                     oSRS = *(OGRSpatialReference::FromHandle(hSRS));
    2400             :             }
    2401             : 
    2402           8 :             const auto nGCPCount = GDALGetGCPCount(hDS);
    2403           8 :             auto pasGCPList = GDALDuplicateGCPs(nGCPCount, GDALGetGCPs(hDS));
    2404           8 :             GDALGCPAntimeridianUnwrap(nGCPCount, pasGCPList, oSRS,
    2405             :                                       papszOptions);
    2406             : 
    2407           8 :             if (bRefine)
    2408             :             {
    2409           0 :                 part.pTransformArg = GDALCreateGCPRefineTransformer(
    2410             :                     nGCPCount, pasGCPList, nOrder, FALSE, dfTolerance,
    2411             :                     nMinimumGcps);
    2412             :             }
    2413             :             else
    2414             :             {
    2415           8 :                 part.pTransformArg = GDALCreateGCPTransformer(
    2416             :                     nGCPCount, pasGCPList, nOrder, FALSE);
    2417             :             }
    2418             : 
    2419           8 :             GDALDeinitGCPs(nGCPCount, pasGCPList);
    2420           8 :             CPLFree(pasGCPList);
    2421             : 
    2422           8 :             if (part.pTransformArg == nullptr)
    2423             :             {
    2424           0 :                 return false;
    2425             :             }
    2426           8 :             part.pTransformer = GDALGCPTransform;
    2427             :         }
    2428             : 
    2429         127 :         else if (bGCPUseOK && GDALGetGCPCount(hDS) > 0 && nOrder <= 0 &&
    2430          11 :                  (pszMethod == nullptr || EQUAL(pszMethod, "GCP_TPS")))
    2431             :         {
    2432          11 :             if (pszSRS == nullptr)
    2433             :             {
    2434          11 :                 auto hSRS = GDALGetGCPSpatialRef(hDS);
    2435          11 :                 if (hSRS)
    2436          10 :                     oSRS = *(OGRSpatialReference::FromHandle(hSRS));
    2437             :             }
    2438             : 
    2439          11 :             const auto nGCPCount = GDALGetGCPCount(hDS);
    2440          11 :             auto pasGCPList = GDALDuplicateGCPs(nGCPCount, GDALGetGCPs(hDS));
    2441          11 :             GDALGCPAntimeridianUnwrap(nGCPCount, pasGCPList, oSRS,
    2442             :                                       papszOptions);
    2443             : 
    2444          11 :             part.pTransformArg = GDALCreateTPSTransformerInt(
    2445             :                 nGCPCount, pasGCPList, FALSE, papszOptions);
    2446             : 
    2447          11 :             GDALDeinitGCPs(nGCPCount, pasGCPList);
    2448          11 :             CPLFree(pasGCPList);
    2449             : 
    2450          11 :             if (part.pTransformArg == nullptr)
    2451             :             {
    2452           2 :                 return false;
    2453             :             }
    2454           9 :             part.pTransformer = GDALTPSTransform;
    2455             :         }
    2456             : 
    2457          52 :         else if ((pszMethod == nullptr || EQUAL(pszMethod, "RPC")) &&
    2458         203 :                  (papszMD = GDALGetMetadata(hDS, "RPC")) != nullptr &&
    2459          46 :                  GDALExtractRPCInfoV2(papszMD, &sRPCInfo))
    2460             :         {
    2461          46 :             CPLStringList aosOptions(papszOptions);
    2462          87 :             if (!CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "RPC_HEIGHT") &&
    2463          41 :                 !CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "RPC_DEM"))
    2464             :             {
    2465           8 :                 if (const char *pszHEIGHT_DEFAULT =
    2466           8 :                         CSLFetchNameValue(papszMD, "HEIGHT_DEFAULT"))
    2467             :                 {
    2468           1 :                     CPLDebug("GDAL",
    2469             :                              "For %s, using RPC_HEIGHT = HEIGHT_DEFAULT = %s",
    2470             :                              pszPrefix, pszHEIGHT_DEFAULT);
    2471           1 :                     aosOptions.SetNameValue("RPC_HEIGHT", pszHEIGHT_DEFAULT);
    2472             :                 }
    2473             :             }
    2474          46 :             part.pTransformArg = GDALCreateRPCTransformerV2(&sRPCInfo, FALSE, 0,
    2475          46 :                                                             aosOptions.List());
    2476          46 :             if (part.pTransformArg == nullptr)
    2477             :             {
    2478           1 :                 return false;
    2479             :             }
    2480          45 :             part.pTransformer = GDALRPCTransform;
    2481          45 :             if (pszSRS == nullptr)
    2482             :             {
    2483          45 :                 oSRS.SetFromUserInput(SRS_WKT_WGS84_LAT_LONG);
    2484          45 :                 oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    2485             :             }
    2486             :         }
    2487             : 
    2488         117 :         else if ((pszMethod == nullptr || EQUAL(pszMethod, "GEOLOC_ARRAY")) &&
    2489          58 :                  ((papszMD = GDALGetMetadata(hDS, "GEOLOCATION")) != nullptr ||
    2490             :                   pszGeolocArray != nullptr))
    2491             :         {
    2492          51 :             CPLStringList aosGeolocMD;  // keep in this scope
    2493          51 :             if (pszGeolocArray != nullptr)
    2494             :             {
    2495           9 :                 if (papszMD != nullptr)
    2496             :                 {
    2497           0 :                     CPLError(
    2498             :                         CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2499             :                         "Both GEOLOCATION metadata domain on the source "
    2500             :                         "dataset "
    2501             :                         "and [%s_]GEOLOC_ARRAY transformer option are set. "
    2502             :                         "Only using the later.",
    2503             :                         pszPrefix);
    2504             :                 }
    2505           9 :                 aosGeolocMD = GDALCreateGeolocationMetadata(
    2506             :                     hDS, pszGeolocArray,
    2507           9 :                     /* bIsSource= */ EQUAL(pszPrefix, "SRC"));
    2508           9 :                 if (aosGeolocMD.empty())
    2509             :                 {
    2510           3 :                     return false;
    2511             :                 }
    2512           6 :                 papszMD = aosGeolocMD.List();
    2513             :             }
    2514             : 
    2515          48 :             part.pTransformArg = GDALCreateGeoLocTransformerEx(
    2516             :                 hDS, papszMD, FALSE, nullptr, papszOptions);
    2517          48 :             if (part.pTransformArg == nullptr)
    2518             :             {
    2519           2 :                 return false;
    2520             :             }
    2521          46 :             part.pTransformer = GDALGeoLocTransform;
    2522          46 :             if (pszSRS == nullptr)
    2523             :             {
    2524          46 :                 pszSRS = CSLFetchNameValue(papszMD, "SRS");
    2525          46 :                 if (pszSRS)
    2526             :                 {
    2527          44 :                     oSRS.SetFromUserInput(pszSRS);
    2528          44 :                     oSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    2529             :                 }
    2530             :             }
    2531             :         }
    2532             : 
    2533           8 :         else if (pszMethod != nullptr && EQUAL(pszPrefix, "SRC"))
    2534             :         {
    2535           1 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2536             :                      "Unable to compute a %s based transformation between "
    2537             :                      "pixel/line and georeferenced coordinates for %s.",
    2538             :                      pszMethod, GDALGetDescription(hDS));
    2539             : 
    2540           1 :             return false;
    2541             :         }
    2542             : 
    2543             :         else
    2544             :         {
    2545           7 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2546             :                      "Unable to compute a transformation between pixel/line "
    2547             :                      "and georeferenced coordinates for %s. "
    2548             :                      "There is no affine transformation and no GCPs. "
    2549             :                      "Specify transformation option %s_METHOD=NO_GEOTRANSFORM "
    2550             :                      "to bypass this check.",
    2551             :                      GDALGetDescription(hDS), pszPrefix);
    2552             : 
    2553           7 :             return false;
    2554             :         }
    2555             : 
    2556             :         /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2557             :         /*      Handle optional source approximation transformer.           */
    2558             :         /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2559        3196 :         if (part.pTransformer)
    2560             :         {
    2561         130 :             const char *pszApproxErrorFwd = CSLFetchNameValue(
    2562         260 :                 papszOptions, std::string(pszPrefix)
    2563         130 :                                   .append("_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRS_UNIT")
    2564             :                                   .c_str());
    2565         130 :             const char *pszApproxErrorReverse = CSLFetchNameValue(
    2566         260 :                 papszOptions, std::string(pszPrefix)
    2567         130 :                                   .append("_APPROX_ERROR_IN_PIXEL")
    2568             :                                   .c_str());
    2569         130 :             if (pszApproxErrorFwd && pszApproxErrorReverse)
    2570             :             {
    2571           1 :                 void *pArg = GDALCreateApproxTransformer2(
    2572             :                     part.pTransformer, part.pTransformArg,
    2573             :                     CPLAtof(pszApproxErrorFwd), CPLAtof(pszApproxErrorReverse));
    2574           1 :                 if (pArg == nullptr)
    2575             :                 {
    2576           0 :                     return false;
    2577             :                 }
    2578           1 :                 part.pTransformArg = pArg;
    2579           1 :                 part.pTransformer = GDALApproxTransform;
    2580           1 :                 GDALApproxTransformerOwnsSubtransformer(part.pTransformArg,
    2581             :                                                         TRUE);
    2582             :             }
    2583             :         }
    2584             : 
    2585        3196 :         return true;
    2586        1613 :     };
    2587             : 
    2588             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2589             :     /*      Get forward and inverse geotransform for the source image.      */
    2590             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2591        1613 :     bool bCanUseSrcGeoTransform = false;
    2592        3226 :     OGRSpatialReference oSrcSRS;
    2593        1613 :     if (!DealWithForwardOrInverse(psInfo->sSrcParams, hSrcDS, "SRC", oSrcSRS,
    2594             :                                   bCanUseSrcGeoTransform))
    2595             :     {
    2596          14 :         GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(psInfo);
    2597          14 :         return nullptr;
    2598             :     }
    2599             : 
    2600             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2601             :     /*      Get forward and inverse geotransform for destination image.     */
    2602             :     /*      If we have no destination use a unit transform.                 */
    2603             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2604        1599 :     bool bIgnored = false;
    2605        3198 :     OGRSpatialReference oDstSRS;
    2606        1599 :     if (!DealWithForwardOrInverse(psInfo->sDstParams, hDstDS, "DST", oDstSRS,
    2607             :                                   bIgnored))
    2608             :     {
    2609           2 :         GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(psInfo);
    2610           2 :         return nullptr;
    2611             :     }
    2612             : 
    2613             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2614             :     /*      Setup reprojection.                                             */
    2615             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2616             : 
    2617        1597 :     if (CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "STRIP_VERT_CS", false))
    2618             :     {
    2619           0 :         if (oSrcSRS.IsCompound())
    2620             :         {
    2621           0 :             oSrcSRS.StripVertical();
    2622             :         }
    2623           0 :         if (oDstSRS.IsCompound())
    2624             :         {
    2625           0 :             oDstSRS.StripVertical();
    2626             :         }
    2627             :     }
    2628             : 
    2629             :     const bool bMayInsertCenterLong =
    2630        2752 :         (bCanUseSrcGeoTransform && !oSrcSRS.IsEmpty() && hSrcDS &&
    2631        1155 :          CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "INSERT_CENTER_LONG", true));
    2632             :     const char *pszSrcCoordEpoch =
    2633        1597 :         CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "SRC_COORDINATE_EPOCH");
    2634             :     const char *pszDstCoordEpoch =
    2635        1597 :         CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "DST_COORDINATE_EPOCH");
    2636        2916 :     if ((!oSrcSRS.IsEmpty() && !oDstSRS.IsEmpty() &&
    2637        1206 :          (pszSrcCoordEpoch || pszDstCoordEpoch || !oSrcSRS.IsSame(&oDstSRS) ||
    2638        2916 :           (oSrcSRS.IsGeographic() && bMayInsertCenterLong))) ||
    2639             :         pszCO)
    2640             :     {
    2641         856 :         CPLStringList aosOptions;
    2642             : 
    2643         856 :         if (bMayInsertCenterLong)
    2644             :         {
    2645         839 :             InsertCenterLong(hSrcDS, &oSrcSRS, aosOptions);
    2646             :         }
    2647             : 
    2648         856 :         if (CPLFetchBool(papszOptions, "PROMOTE_TO_3D", false))
    2649             :         {
    2650          19 :             oSrcSRS.PromoteTo3D(nullptr);
    2651          19 :             oDstSRS.PromoteTo3D(nullptr);
    2652             :         }
    2653             : 
    2654         856 :         if (!(dfWestLongitudeDeg == 0.0 && dfSouthLatitudeDeg == 0.0 &&
    2655          30 :               dfEastLongitudeDeg == 0.0 && dfNorthLatitudeDeg == 0.0))
    2656             :         {
    2657             :             aosOptions.SetNameValue(
    2658             :                 "AREA_OF_INTEREST",
    2659             :                 CPLSPrintf("%.16g,%.16g,%.16g,%.16g", dfWestLongitudeDeg,
    2660             :                            dfSouthLatitudeDeg, dfEastLongitudeDeg,
    2661         826 :                            dfNorthLatitudeDeg));
    2662             :         }
    2663         856 :         if (pszCO)
    2664             :         {
    2665           7 :             aosOptions.SetNameValue("COORDINATE_OPERATION", pszCO);
    2666             :         }
    2667             : 
    2668             :         const char *pszCoordEpoch =
    2669         856 :             CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "COORDINATE_EPOCH");
    2670         856 :         if (pszCoordEpoch)
    2671             :         {
    2672           1 :             aosOptions.SetNameValue("COORDINATE_EPOCH", pszCoordEpoch);
    2673             :         }
    2674             : 
    2675         856 :         if (pszSrcCoordEpoch)
    2676             :         {
    2677           0 :             aosOptions.SetNameValue("SRC_COORDINATE_EPOCH", pszSrcCoordEpoch);
    2678           0 :             oSrcSRS.SetCoordinateEpoch(CPLAtof(pszSrcCoordEpoch));
    2679             :         }
    2680             : 
    2681         856 :         if (pszDstCoordEpoch)
    2682             :         {
    2683           0 :             aosOptions.SetNameValue("DST_COORDINATE_EPOCH", pszDstCoordEpoch);
    2684           0 :             oDstSRS.SetCoordinateEpoch(CPLAtof(pszDstCoordEpoch));
    2685             :         }
    2686             : 
    2687         856 :         if (const char *pszAllowBallpark =
    2688         856 :                 CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "ALLOW_BALLPARK"))
    2689             :         {
    2690           2 :             aosOptions.SetNameValue("ALLOW_BALLPARK", pszAllowBallpark);
    2691             :         }
    2692             : 
    2693         856 :         if (const char *pszOnlyBest =
    2694         856 :                 CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "ONLY_BEST"))
    2695             :         {
    2696           1 :             aosOptions.SetNameValue("ONLY_BEST", pszOnlyBest);
    2697             :         }
    2698             : 
    2699         860 :         psInfo->pReprojectArg = GDALCreateReprojectionTransformerEx(
    2700         856 :             !oSrcSRS.IsEmpty() ? OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(&oSrcSRS)
    2701             :                                : nullptr,
    2702         856 :             !oDstSRS.IsEmpty() ? OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(&oDstSRS)
    2703             :                                : nullptr,
    2704         856 :             aosOptions.List());
    2705             : 
    2706         856 :         if (pszCO)
    2707             :         {
    2708           7 :             psInfo->bHasCustomTransformationPipeline = true;
    2709             :         }
    2710             : 
    2711         856 :         if (psInfo->pReprojectArg == nullptr)
    2712             :         {
    2713           4 :             GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(psInfo);
    2714           4 :             return nullptr;
    2715             :         }
    2716         852 :         psInfo->pReproject = GDALReprojectionTransform;
    2717             : 
    2718             :         /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
    2719             :          */
    2720             :         /*      Handle optional reprojection approximation transformer. */
    2721             :         /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
    2722             :          */
    2723         852 :         const char *psApproxErrorFwd = CSLFetchNameValue(
    2724             :             papszOptions, "REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_DST_SRS_UNIT");
    2725         852 :         const char *psApproxErrorReverse = CSLFetchNameValue(
    2726             :             papszOptions, "REPROJECTION_APPROX_ERROR_IN_SRC_SRS_UNIT");
    2727         852 :         if (psApproxErrorFwd && psApproxErrorReverse)
    2728             :         {
    2729           1 :             void *pArg = GDALCreateApproxTransformer2(
    2730             :                 psInfo->pReproject, psInfo->pReprojectArg,
    2731             :                 CPLAtof(psApproxErrorFwd), CPLAtof(psApproxErrorReverse));
    2732           1 :             if (pArg == nullptr)
    2733             :             {
    2734           0 :                 GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(psInfo);
    2735           0 :                 return nullptr;
    2736             :             }
    2737           1 :             psInfo->pReprojectArg = pArg;
    2738           1 :             psInfo->pReproject = GDALApproxTransform;
    2739           1 :             GDALApproxTransformerOwnsSubtransformer(psInfo->pReprojectArg,
    2740             :                                                     TRUE);
    2741             :         }
    2742             :     }
    2743             : 
    2744        1593 :     return psInfo;
    2745             : }
    2746             : 
    2747             : /************************************************************************/
    2748             : /*                  GDALRefreshGenImgProjTransformer()                  */
    2749             : /************************************************************************/
    2750             : 
    2751        1081 : void GDALRefreshGenImgProjTransformer(void *hTransformArg)
    2752             : {
    2753        1081 :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    2754             :         static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(hTransformArg);
    2755             : 
    2756        1817 :     if (psInfo->pReprojectArg &&
    2757         736 :         psInfo->bCheckWithInvertPROJ != GetCurrentCheckWithInvertPROJ())
    2758             :     {
    2759          67 :         psInfo->bCheckWithInvertPROJ = !psInfo->bCheckWithInvertPROJ;
    2760             : 
    2761             :         CPLXMLNode *psXML =
    2762          67 :             GDALSerializeTransformer(psInfo->pReproject, psInfo->pReprojectArg);
    2763          67 :         GDALDestroyTransformer(psInfo->pReprojectArg);
    2764          67 :         GDALDeserializeTransformer(psXML, &psInfo->pReproject,
    2765             :                                    &psInfo->pReprojectArg);
    2766          67 :         CPLDestroyXMLNode(psXML);
    2767             :     }
    2768        1081 : }
    2769             : 
    2770             : /************************************************************************/
    2771             : /*                  GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer3()                  */
    2772             : /************************************************************************/
    2773             : 
    2774             : /**
    2775             :  * Create image to image transformer.
    2776             :  *
    2777             :  * This function creates a transformation object that maps from pixel/line
    2778             :  * coordinates on one image to pixel/line coordinates on another image.  The
    2779             :  * images may potentially be georeferenced in different coordinate systems,
    2780             :  * and may used GCPs to map between their pixel/line coordinates and
    2781             :  * georeferenced coordinates (as opposed to the default assumption that their
    2782             :  * geotransform should be used).
    2783             :  *
    2784             :  * This transformer potentially performs three concatenated transformations.
    2785             :  *
    2786             :  * The first stage is from source image pixel/line coordinates to source
    2787             :  * image georeferenced coordinates, and may be done using the geotransform,
    2788             :  * or if not defined using a polynomial model derived from GCPs.  If GCPs
    2789             :  * are used this stage is accomplished using GDALGCPTransform().
    2790             :  *
    2791             :  * The second stage is to change projections from the source coordinate system
    2792             :  * to the destination coordinate system, assuming they differ.  This is
    2793             :  * accomplished internally using GDALReprojectionTransform().
    2794             :  *
    2795             :  * The third stage is converting from destination image georeferenced
    2796             :  * coordinates to destination image coordinates.  This is done using the
    2797             :  * destination image geotransform, or if not available, using a polynomial
    2798             :  * model derived from GCPs. If GCPs are used this stage is accomplished using
    2799             :  * GDALGCPTransform().  This stage is skipped if hDstDS is NULL when the
    2800             :  * transformation is created.
    2801             :  *
    2802             :  * @param pszSrcWKT source WKT (or NULL).
    2803             :  * @param padfSrcGeoTransform source geotransform (or NULL).
    2804             :  * @param pszDstWKT destination WKT (or NULL).
    2805             :  * @param padfDstGeoTransform destination geotransform (or NULL).
    2806             :  *
    2807             :  * @return handle suitable for use GDALGenImgProjTransform(), and to be
    2808             :  * deallocated with GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer() or NULL on failure.
    2809             :  */
    2810             : 
    2811           0 : void *GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer3(const char *pszSrcWKT,
    2812             :                                        const double *padfSrcGeoTransform,
    2813             :                                        const char *pszDstWKT,
    2814             :                                        const double *padfDstGeoTransform)
    2815             : 
    2816             : {
    2817           0 :     OGRSpatialReference oSrcSRS;
    2818           0 :     if (pszSrcWKT)
    2819             :     {
    2820           0 :         oSrcSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    2821           0 :         if (pszSrcWKT[0] != '\0' &&
    2822           0 :             oSrcSRS.importFromWkt(pszSrcWKT) != OGRERR_NONE)
    2823             :         {
    2824           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2825             :                      "Failed to import coordinate system `%s'.", pszSrcWKT);
    2826           0 :             return nullptr;
    2827             :         }
    2828             :     }
    2829             : 
    2830           0 :     OGRSpatialReference oDstSRS;
    2831           0 :     if (pszDstWKT)
    2832             :     {
    2833           0 :         oDstSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    2834           0 :         if (pszDstWKT[0] != '\0' &&
    2835           0 :             oDstSRS.importFromWkt(pszDstWKT) != OGRERR_NONE)
    2836             :         {
    2837           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2838             :                      "Failed to import coordinate system `%s'.", pszDstWKT);
    2839           0 :             return nullptr;
    2840             :         }
    2841             :     }
    2842           0 :     return GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer4(
    2843             :         OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(&oSrcSRS), padfSrcGeoTransform,
    2844           0 :         OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(&oDstSRS), padfDstGeoTransform, nullptr);
    2845             : }
    2846             : 
    2847             : /************************************************************************/
    2848             : /*                  GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer4()                  */
    2849             : /************************************************************************/
    2850             : 
    2851             : /**
    2852             :  * Create image to image transformer.
    2853             :  *
    2854             :  * Similar to GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer3(), except that it takes
    2855             :  * OGRSpatialReferenceH objects and options.
    2856             :  * The options are the ones supported by GDALCreateReprojectionTransformerEx()
    2857             :  *
    2858             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
    2859             :  */
    2860          16 : void *GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer4(OGRSpatialReferenceH hSrcSRS,
    2861             :                                        const double *padfSrcGeoTransform,
    2862             :                                        OGRSpatialReferenceH hDstSRS,
    2863             :                                        const double *padfDstGeoTransform,
    2864             :                                        const char *const *papszOptions)
    2865             : {
    2866             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2867             :     /*      Initialize the transform info.                                  */
    2868             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2869             :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    2870          16 :         GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformerInternal();
    2871             : 
    2872             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2873             :     /*      Get forward and inverse geotransform for the source image.      */
    2874             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2875             : 
    2876             :     const auto SetParams =
    2877          30 :         [](GDALGenImgProjTransformPart &part, const double *padfGT)
    2878             :     {
    2879          30 :         if (padfGT)
    2880             :         {
    2881          30 :             memcpy(part.adfGeoTransform, padfGT, sizeof(part.adfGeoTransform));
    2882          30 :             if (!GDALInvGeoTransform(part.adfGeoTransform,
    2883          30 :                                      part.adfInvGeoTransform))
    2884             :             {
    2885           2 :                 CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2886             :                          "Cannot invert geotransform");
    2887           2 :                 return false;
    2888             :             }
    2889             :         }
    2890             :         else
    2891             :         {
    2892           0 :             part.adfGeoTransform[0] = 0.0;
    2893           0 :             part.adfGeoTransform[1] = 1.0;
    2894           0 :             part.adfGeoTransform[2] = 0.0;
    2895           0 :             part.adfGeoTransform[3] = 0.0;
    2896           0 :             part.adfGeoTransform[4] = 0.0;
    2897           0 :             part.adfGeoTransform[5] = 1.0;
    2898           0 :             memcpy(part.adfInvGeoTransform, part.adfGeoTransform,
    2899             :                    sizeof(double) * 6);
    2900             :         }
    2901          28 :         return true;
    2902             :     };
    2903             : 
    2904          16 :     if (!SetParams(psInfo->sSrcParams, padfSrcGeoTransform))
    2905             :     {
    2906           1 :         GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(psInfo);
    2907           1 :         return nullptr;
    2908             :     }
    2909             : 
    2910             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2911             :     /*      Setup reprojection.                                             */
    2912             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2913          15 :     OGRSpatialReference *poSrcSRS = OGRSpatialReference::FromHandle(hSrcSRS);
    2914          15 :     OGRSpatialReference *poDstSRS = OGRSpatialReference::FromHandle(hDstSRS);
    2915          30 :     if (!poSrcSRS->IsEmpty() && !poDstSRS->IsEmpty() &&
    2916          15 :         !poSrcSRS->IsSame(poDstSRS))
    2917             :     {
    2918           4 :         psInfo->pReprojectArg =
    2919           4 :             GDALCreateReprojectionTransformerEx(hSrcSRS, hDstSRS, papszOptions);
    2920           4 :         if (psInfo->pReprojectArg == nullptr)
    2921             :         {
    2922           1 :             GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(psInfo);
    2923           1 :             return nullptr;
    2924             :         }
    2925           3 :         psInfo->pReproject = GDALReprojectionTransform;
    2926             :     }
    2927             : 
    2928             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2929             :     /*      Get forward and inverse geotransform for destination image.     */
    2930             :     /*      If we have no destination matrix use a unit transform.          */
    2931             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2932          14 :     if (!SetParams(psInfo->sDstParams, padfDstGeoTransform))
    2933             :     {
    2934           1 :         GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(psInfo);
    2935           1 :         return nullptr;
    2936             :     }
    2937             : 
    2938          13 :     return psInfo;
    2939             : }
    2940             : 
    2941             : /************************************************************************/
    2942             : /*            GDALSetGenImgProjTransformerDstGeoTransform()             */
    2943             : /************************************************************************/
    2944             : 
    2945             : /**
    2946             :  * Set GenImgProj output geotransform.
    2947             :  *
    2948             :  * Normally the "destination geotransform", or transformation between
    2949             :  * georeferenced output coordinates and pixel/line coordinates on the
    2950             :  * destination file is extracted from the destination file by
    2951             :  * GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer() and stored in the GenImgProj private
    2952             :  * info.  However, sometimes it is inconvenient to have an output file
    2953             :  * handle with appropriate geotransform information when creating the
    2954             :  * transformation.  For these cases, this function can be used to apply
    2955             :  * the destination geotransform.
    2956             :  *
    2957             :  * @param hTransformArg the handle to update.
    2958             :  * @param padfGeoTransform the destination geotransform to apply (six doubles).
    2959             :  */
    2960             : 
    2961         884 : void GDALSetGenImgProjTransformerDstGeoTransform(void *hTransformArg,
    2962             :                                                  const double *padfGeoTransform)
    2963             : 
    2964             : {
    2965         884 :     VALIDATE_POINTER0(hTransformArg,
    2966             :                       "GDALSetGenImgProjTransformerDstGeoTransform");
    2967             : 
    2968         884 :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    2969             :         static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(hTransformArg);
    2970             : 
    2971         884 :     memcpy(psInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform, padfGeoTransform,
    2972             :            sizeof(double) * 6);
    2973         884 :     if (!GDALInvGeoTransform(psInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform,
    2974         884 :                              psInfo->sDstParams.adfInvGeoTransform))
    2975             :     {
    2976           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot invert geotransform");
    2977             :     }
    2978             : }
    2979             : 
    2980             : /************************************************************************/
    2981             : /*                  GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer()                  */
    2982             : /************************************************************************/
    2983             : 
    2984             : /**
    2985             :  * GenImgProjTransformer deallocator.
    2986             :  *
    2987             :  * This function is used to deallocate the handle created with
    2988             :  * GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer().
    2989             :  *
    2990             :  * @param hTransformArg the handle to deallocate.
    2991             :  */
    2992             : 
    2993        1971 : void GDALDestroyGenImgProjTransformer(void *hTransformArg)
    2994             : 
    2995             : {
    2996        1971 :     if (hTransformArg == nullptr)
    2997           0 :         return;
    2998             : 
    2999        1971 :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3000             :         static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(hTransformArg);
    3001             : 
    3002        1971 :     if (psInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformArg != nullptr)
    3003         146 :         GDALDestroyTransformer(psInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformArg);
    3004             : 
    3005        1971 :     if (psInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg != nullptr)
    3006           7 :         GDALDestroyTransformer(psInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg);
    3007             : 
    3008        1971 :     if (psInfo->pReprojectArg != nullptr)
    3009        1059 :         GDALDestroyTransformer(psInfo->pReprojectArg);
    3010             : 
    3011        1971 :     CPLFree(psInfo);
    3012             : }
    3013             : 
    3014             : /************************************************************************/
    3015             : /*                      GDALGenImgProjTransform()                       */
    3016             : /************************************************************************/
    3017             : 
    3018             : /**
    3019             :  * Perform general image reprojection transformation.
    3020             :  *
    3021             :  * Actually performs the transformation setup in
    3022             :  * GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer().  This function matches the signature
    3023             :  * required by the GDALTransformerFunc(), and more details on the arguments
    3024             :  * can be found in that topic.
    3025             :  */
    3026             : 
    3027             : #ifdef DEBUG_APPROX_TRANSFORMER
    3028             : int countGDALGenImgProjTransform = 0;
    3029             : #endif
    3030             : 
    3031     2144140 : int GDALGenImgProjTransform(void *pTransformArgIn, int bDstToSrc,
    3032             :                             int nPointCount, double *padfX, double *padfY,
    3033             :                             double *padfZ, int *panSuccess)
    3034             : {
    3035     2144140 :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3036             :         static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(pTransformArgIn);
    3037             : 
    3038             : #ifdef DEBUG_APPROX_TRANSFORMER
    3039             :     CPLAssert(nPointCount > 0);
    3040             :     countGDALGenImgProjTransform += nPointCount;
    3041             : #endif
    3042             : 
    3043    19726600 :     for (int i = 0; i < nPointCount; i++)
    3044             :     {
    3045    17582500 :         panSuccess[i] = (padfX[i] != HUGE_VAL && padfY[i] != HUGE_VAL);
    3046             :     }
    3047             : 
    3048     2144140 :     int ret = TRUE;
    3049             : 
    3050             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3051             :     /*      Convert from src (dst) pixel/line to src (dst)                  */
    3052             :     /*      georeferenced coordinates.                                      */
    3053             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3054             :     {
    3055     2144140 :         const auto params = bDstToSrc ? psInfo->sDstParams : psInfo->sSrcParams;
    3056     2144140 :         const double *padfGeoTransform = params.adfGeoTransform;
    3057     2144140 :         void *pTransformArg = params.pTransformArg;
    3058     2144140 :         GDALTransformerFunc pTransformer = params.pTransformer;
    3059             : 
    3060     2144140 :         if (pTransformArg != nullptr)
    3061             :         {
    3062       41614 :             if (!pTransformer(pTransformArg, FALSE, nPointCount, padfX, padfY,
    3063             :                               padfZ, panSuccess))
    3064        1773 :                 ret = FALSE;
    3065             :         }
    3066             :         else
    3067             :         {
    3068    19605600 :             for (int i = 0; i < nPointCount; i++)
    3069             :             {
    3070    17503100 :                 if (!panSuccess[i])
    3071        1839 :                     continue;
    3072             : 
    3073    17501300 :                 const double dfNewX = padfGeoTransform[0] +
    3074    17501300 :                                       padfX[i] * padfGeoTransform[1] +
    3075    17501300 :                                       padfY[i] * padfGeoTransform[2];
    3076    17501300 :                 const double dfNewY = padfGeoTransform[3] +
    3077    17501300 :                                       padfX[i] * padfGeoTransform[4] +
    3078    17501300 :                                       padfY[i] * padfGeoTransform[5];
    3079             : 
    3080    17501300 :                 padfX[i] = dfNewX;
    3081    17501300 :                 padfY[i] = dfNewY;
    3082             :             }
    3083             :         }
    3084             :     }
    3085             : 
    3086             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3087             :     /*      Reproject if needed.                                            */
    3088             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3089     2144140 :     if (psInfo->pReprojectArg)
    3090             :     {
    3091     1795470 :         if (!psInfo->pReproject(psInfo->pReprojectArg, bDstToSrc, nPointCount,
    3092             :                                 padfX, padfY, padfZ, panSuccess))
    3093       20093 :             ret = FALSE;
    3094             :     }
    3095             : 
    3096             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3097             :     /*      Convert dst (src) georef coordinates back to pixel/line.        */
    3098             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3099             :     {
    3100     2144110 :         const auto params = bDstToSrc ? psInfo->sSrcParams : psInfo->sDstParams;
    3101     2144110 :         const double *padfInvGeoTransform = params.adfInvGeoTransform;
    3102     2144110 :         void *pTransformArg = params.pTransformArg;
    3103     2144110 :         GDALTransformerFunc pTransformer = params.pTransformer;
    3104             : 
    3105     2144110 :         if (pTransformArg != nullptr)
    3106             :         {
    3107       51479 :             if (!pTransformer(pTransformArg, TRUE, nPointCount, padfX, padfY,
    3108             :                               padfZ, panSuccess))
    3109        1640 :                 ret = FALSE;
    3110             :         }
    3111             :         else
    3112             :         {
    3113    18821300 :             for (int i = 0; i < nPointCount; i++)
    3114             :             {
    3115    16728700 :                 if (!panSuccess[i])
    3116     3555360 :                     continue;
    3117             : 
    3118    13173300 :                 const double dfNewX = padfInvGeoTransform[0] +
    3119    13173300 :                                       padfX[i] * padfInvGeoTransform[1] +
    3120    13173300 :                                       padfY[i] * padfInvGeoTransform[2];
    3121    13173300 :                 const double dfNewY = padfInvGeoTransform[3] +
    3122    13173300 :                                       padfX[i] * padfInvGeoTransform[4] +
    3123    13173300 :                                       padfY[i] * padfInvGeoTransform[5];
    3124             : 
    3125    13173300 :                 padfX[i] = dfNewX;
    3126    13173300 :                 padfY[i] = dfNewY;
    3127             :             }
    3128             :         }
    3129             :     }
    3130             : 
    3131     2144110 :     return ret;
    3132             : }
    3133             : 
    3134             : /************************************************************************/
    3135             : /*              GDALTransformLonLatToDestGenImgProjTransformer()        */
    3136             : /************************************************************************/
    3137             : 
    3138        2940 : int GDALTransformLonLatToDestGenImgProjTransformer(void *hTransformArg,
    3139             :                                                    double *pdfX, double *pdfY)
    3140             : {
    3141        2940 :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3142             :         static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(hTransformArg);
    3143             : 
    3144        2940 :     if (psInfo->pReprojectArg == nullptr ||
    3145        1722 :         psInfo->pReproject != GDALReprojectionTransform)
    3146        1222 :         return false;
    3147             : 
    3148        1718 :     GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *psReprojInfo =
    3149             :         static_cast<GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *>(psInfo->pReprojectArg);
    3150        3436 :     if (psReprojInfo->poForwardTransform == nullptr ||
    3151        1718 :         psReprojInfo->poForwardTransform->GetSourceCS() == nullptr)
    3152           2 :         return false;
    3153             : 
    3154        1716 :     double z = 0;
    3155        1716 :     int success = true;
    3156        1716 :     auto poSourceCRS = psReprojInfo->poForwardTransform->GetSourceCS();
    3157        3036 :     if (poSourceCRS->IsGeographic() &&
    3158        1320 :         std::fabs(poSourceCRS->GetAngularUnits() -
    3159        1320 :                   CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV)) < 1e-9)
    3160             :     {
    3161             :         // Optimization to avoid creating a OGRCoordinateTransformation
    3162        1318 :         OGRAxisOrientation eSourceFirstAxisOrient = OAO_Other;
    3163        1318 :         poSourceCRS->GetAxis(nullptr, 0, &eSourceFirstAxisOrient);
    3164        1318 :         const auto &mapping = poSourceCRS->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    3165        2636 :         if ((mapping[0] == 2 && eSourceFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East) ||
    3166        1318 :             (mapping[0] == 1 && eSourceFirstAxisOrient != OAO_East))
    3167             :         {
    3168           6 :             std::swap(*pdfX, *pdfY);
    3169             :         }
    3170             :     }
    3171             :     else
    3172             :     {
    3173             :         auto poLongLat =
    3174         398 :             std::unique_ptr<OGRSpatialReference>(poSourceCRS->CloneGeogCS());
    3175         398 :         if (poLongLat == nullptr)
    3176           0 :             return false;
    3177         398 :         poLongLat->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    3178             : 
    3179             :         const bool bCurrentCheckWithInvertProj =
    3180         398 :             GetCurrentCheckWithInvertPROJ();
    3181         398 :         if (!bCurrentCheckWithInvertProj)
    3182         398 :             CPLSetThreadLocalConfigOption("CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ", "YES");
    3183             :         auto poCT = std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>(
    3184         398 :             OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(poLongLat.get(), poSourceCRS));
    3185         398 :         if (!bCurrentCheckWithInvertProj)
    3186         398 :             CPLSetThreadLocalConfigOption("CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ", nullptr);
    3187         398 :         if (poCT == nullptr)
    3188           0 :             return false;
    3189             : 
    3190         398 :         poCT->SetEmitErrors(false);
    3191         398 :         if (!poCT->Transform(1, pdfX, pdfY))
    3192           2 :             return false;
    3193             : 
    3194         396 :         if (!psInfo->pReproject(psInfo->pReprojectArg, false, 1, pdfX, pdfY, &z,
    3195         648 :                                 &success) ||
    3196         252 :             !success)
    3197             :         {
    3198         144 :             return false;
    3199             :         }
    3200             :     }
    3201             : 
    3202        1570 :     double *padfGeoTransform = psInfo->sDstParams.adfInvGeoTransform;
    3203        1570 :     void *pTransformArg = psInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg;
    3204        1570 :     GDALTransformerFunc pTransformer = psInfo->sDstParams.pTransformer;
    3205        1570 :     if (pTransformArg != nullptr)
    3206             :     {
    3207           4 :         if (!pTransformer(pTransformArg, TRUE, 1, pdfX, pdfY, &z, &success) ||
    3208           0 :             !success)
    3209             :         {
    3210           4 :             return false;
    3211             :         }
    3212             :     }
    3213             :     else
    3214             :     {
    3215        1566 :         const double dfNewX = padfGeoTransform[0] +
    3216        1566 :                               pdfX[0] * padfGeoTransform[1] +
    3217        1566 :                               pdfY[0] * padfGeoTransform[2];
    3218        1566 :         const double dfNewY = padfGeoTransform[3] +
    3219        1566 :                               pdfX[0] * padfGeoTransform[4] +
    3220        1566 :                               pdfY[0] * padfGeoTransform[5];
    3221             : 
    3222        1566 :         pdfX[0] = dfNewX;
    3223        1566 :         pdfY[0] = dfNewY;
    3224             :     }
    3225             : 
    3226        1566 :     return true;
    3227             : }
    3228             : 
    3229             : /************************************************************************/
    3230             : /*                 GDALSerializeGenImgProjTransformer()                 */
    3231             : /************************************************************************/
    3232             : 
    3233          78 : static CPLXMLNode *GDALSerializeGenImgProjTransformer(void *pTransformArg)
    3234             : 
    3235             : {
    3236          78 :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3237             :         static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    3238             : 
    3239             :     CPLXMLNode *psTree =
    3240          78 :         CPLCreateXMLNode(nullptr, CXT_Element, "GenImgProjTransformer");
    3241             : 
    3242             :     const auto SerializePart =
    3243         455 :         [psTree](const char *pszPrefix, const GDALGenImgProjTransformPart &part)
    3244             :     {
    3245         156 :         char szWork[200] = {};
    3246             : 
    3247             :         /* ------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3248             :         /*      Handle transformation.                                   */
    3249             :         /* ------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3250         156 :         if (part.pTransformArg != nullptr)
    3251             :         {
    3252             :             CPLXMLNode *psTransformer =
    3253          13 :                 GDALSerializeTransformer(part.pTransformer, part.pTransformArg);
    3254          13 :             if (psTransformer != nullptr)
    3255             :             {
    3256          13 :                 CPLXMLNode *psTransformerContainer = CPLCreateXMLNode(
    3257             :                     psTree, CXT_Element,
    3258             :                     CPLSPrintf("%s%s", pszPrefix, psTransformer->pszValue));
    3259             : 
    3260          13 :                 CPLAddXMLChild(psTransformerContainer, psTransformer);
    3261             :             }
    3262             :         }
    3263             : 
    3264             :         /* ------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3265             :         /*      Handle geotransforms.                                    */
    3266             :         /* ------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3267             :         else
    3268             :         {
    3269         143 :             CPLsnprintf(szWork, sizeof(szWork),
    3270             :                         "%.17g,%.17g,%.17g,%.17g,%.17g,%.17g",
    3271         143 :                         part.adfGeoTransform[0], part.adfGeoTransform[1],
    3272         143 :                         part.adfGeoTransform[2], part.adfGeoTransform[3],
    3273         143 :                         part.adfGeoTransform[4], part.adfGeoTransform[5]);
    3274         143 :             CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(
    3275             :                 psTree, CPLSPrintf("%sGeoTransform", pszPrefix), szWork);
    3276             : 
    3277         143 :             CPLsnprintf(szWork, sizeof(szWork),
    3278             :                         "%.17g,%.17g,%.17g,%.17g,%.17g,%.17g",
    3279         143 :                         part.adfInvGeoTransform[0], part.adfInvGeoTransform[1],
    3280         143 :                         part.adfInvGeoTransform[2], part.adfInvGeoTransform[3],
    3281         143 :                         part.adfInvGeoTransform[4], part.adfInvGeoTransform[5]);
    3282         143 :             CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(
    3283             :                 psTree, CPLSPrintf("%sInvGeoTransform", pszPrefix), szWork);
    3284             :         }
    3285         156 :     };
    3286             : 
    3287          78 :     SerializePart("Src", psInfo->sSrcParams);
    3288          78 :     SerializePart("Dst", psInfo->sDstParams);
    3289             : 
    3290             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3291             :     /*      Do we have a reprojection transformer?                          */
    3292             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3293          78 :     if (psInfo->pReprojectArg != nullptr)
    3294             :     {
    3295             : 
    3296             :         CPLXMLNode *psTransformerContainer =
    3297          51 :             CPLCreateXMLNode(psTree, CXT_Element, "ReprojectTransformer");
    3298             : 
    3299             :         CPLXMLNode *psTransformer =
    3300          51 :             GDALSerializeTransformer(psInfo->pReproject, psInfo->pReprojectArg);
    3301          51 :         if (psTransformer != nullptr)
    3302          51 :             CPLAddXMLChild(psTransformerContainer, psTransformer);
    3303             :     }
    3304             : 
    3305          78 :     return psTree;
    3306             : }
    3307             : 
    3308             : /************************************************************************/
    3309             : /*                    GDALDeserializeGeoTransform()                     */
    3310             : /************************************************************************/
    3311             : 
    3312         739 : static void GDALDeserializeGeoTransform(const char *pszGT,
    3313             :                                         double adfGeoTransform[6])
    3314             : {
    3315         739 :     CPLsscanf(pszGT, "%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf,%lf", adfGeoTransform + 0,
    3316             :               adfGeoTransform + 1, adfGeoTransform + 2, adfGeoTransform + 3,
    3317             :               adfGeoTransform + 4, adfGeoTransform + 5);
    3318         739 : }
    3319             : 
    3320             : /************************************************************************/
    3321             : /*                GDALDeserializeGenImgProjTransformer()                */
    3322             : /************************************************************************/
    3323             : 
    3324         199 : void *GDALDeserializeGenImgProjTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree)
    3325             : 
    3326             : {
    3327             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3328             :     /*      Initialize the transform info.                                  */
    3329             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3330             :     GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3331         199 :         GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformerInternal();
    3332             : 
    3333             :     const auto DeserializePart =
    3334        1194 :         [psTree](const char *pszPrefix, GDALGenImgProjTransformPart &part)
    3335             :     {
    3336             :         /* ----------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3337             :         /*      Geotransform                                                 */
    3338             :         /* ----------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3339         398 :         if (const auto psGTNode =
    3340         398 :                 CPLGetXMLNode(psTree, CPLSPrintf("%sGeoTransform", pszPrefix)))
    3341             :         {
    3342         382 :             GDALDeserializeGeoTransform(CPLGetXMLValue(psGTNode, "", ""),
    3343         382 :                                         part.adfGeoTransform);
    3344             : 
    3345         382 :             if (const auto psInvGTNode = CPLGetXMLNode(
    3346             :                     psTree, CPLSPrintf("%sInvGeoTransform", pszPrefix)))
    3347             :             {
    3348         357 :                 GDALDeserializeGeoTransform(CPLGetXMLValue(psInvGTNode, "", ""),
    3349         357 :                                             part.adfInvGeoTransform);
    3350             :             }
    3351             :             else
    3352             :             {
    3353          25 :                 if (!GDALInvGeoTransform(part.adfGeoTransform,
    3354          25 :                                          part.adfInvGeoTransform))
    3355             :                 {
    3356           0 :                     CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3357             :                              "Cannot invert geotransform");
    3358             :                 }
    3359             :             }
    3360             :         }
    3361             : 
    3362             :         /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3363             :         /*      Transform                                                   */
    3364             :         /* ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3365             :         else
    3366             :         {
    3367          16 :             for (CPLXMLNode *psIter = psTree->psChild; psIter != nullptr;
    3368           0 :                  psIter = psIter->psNext)
    3369             :             {
    3370          16 :                 if (psIter->eType == CXT_Element &&
    3371          16 :                     STARTS_WITH_CI(psIter->pszValue, pszPrefix))
    3372             :                 {
    3373          16 :                     GDALDeserializeTransformer(psIter->psChild,
    3374             :                                                &part.pTransformer,
    3375             :                                                &part.pTransformArg);
    3376          16 :                     break;
    3377             :                 }
    3378             :             }
    3379             :         }
    3380         597 :     };
    3381             : 
    3382         199 :     DeserializePart("Src", psInfo->sSrcParams);
    3383         199 :     DeserializePart("Dst", psInfo->sDstParams);
    3384             : 
    3385             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3386             :     /*      Reproject transformer                                           */
    3387             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3388         199 :     CPLXMLNode *psSubtree = CPLGetXMLNode(psTree, "ReprojectTransformer");
    3389         199 :     if (psSubtree != nullptr && psSubtree->psChild != nullptr)
    3390             :     {
    3391          98 :         GDALDeserializeTransformer(psSubtree->psChild, &psInfo->pReproject,
    3392             :                                    &psInfo->pReprojectArg);
    3393             :     }
    3394             : 
    3395         199 :     return psInfo;
    3396             : }
    3397             : 
    3398             : /************************************************************************/
    3399             : /*                 GDALCreateReprojectionTransformer()                  */
    3400             : /************************************************************************/
    3401             : 
    3402             : /**
    3403             :  * Create reprojection transformer.
    3404             :  *
    3405             :  * Creates a callback data structure suitable for use with
    3406             :  * GDALReprojectionTransformation() to represent a transformation from
    3407             :  * one geographic or projected coordinate system to another.  On input
    3408             :  * the coordinate systems are described in OpenGIS WKT format.
    3409             :  *
    3410             :  * Internally the OGRCoordinateTransformation object is used to implement
    3411             :  * the reprojection.
    3412             :  *
    3413             :  * @param pszSrcWKT the coordinate system for the source coordinate system.
    3414             :  * @param pszDstWKT the coordinate system for the destination coordinate
    3415             :  * system.
    3416             :  *
    3417             :  * @return Handle for use with GDALReprojectionTransform(), or NULL if the
    3418             :  * system fails to initialize the reprojection.
    3419             :  **/
    3420             : 
    3421           0 : void *GDALCreateReprojectionTransformer(const char *pszSrcWKT,
    3422             :                                         const char *pszDstWKT)
    3423             : 
    3424             : {
    3425             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3426             :     /*      Ingest the SRS definitions.                                     */
    3427             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3428           0 :     OGRSpatialReference oSrcSRS;
    3429           0 :     oSrcSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    3430           0 :     if (oSrcSRS.importFromWkt(pszSrcWKT) != OGRERR_NONE)
    3431             :     {
    3432           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3433             :                  "Failed to import coordinate system `%s'.", pszSrcWKT);
    3434           0 :         return nullptr;
    3435             :     }
    3436             : 
    3437           0 :     OGRSpatialReference oDstSRS;
    3438           0 :     oDstSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    3439           0 :     if (oDstSRS.importFromWkt(pszDstWKT) != OGRERR_NONE)
    3440             :     {
    3441           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3442             :                  "Failed to import coordinate system `%s'.", pszSrcWKT);
    3443           0 :         return nullptr;
    3444             :     }
    3445             : 
    3446           0 :     return GDALCreateReprojectionTransformerEx(
    3447             :         OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(&oSrcSRS),
    3448           0 :         OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(&oDstSRS), nullptr);
    3449             : }
    3450             : 
    3451             : /************************************************************************/
    3452             : /*                 GDALCreateReprojectionTransformerEx()                */
    3453             : /************************************************************************/
    3454             : 
    3455             : /**
    3456             :  * Create reprojection transformer.
    3457             :  *
    3458             :  * Creates a callback data structure suitable for use with
    3459             :  * GDALReprojectionTransformation() to represent a transformation from
    3460             :  * one geographic or projected coordinate system to another.
    3461             :  *
    3462             :  * Internally the OGRCoordinateTransformation object is used to implement
    3463             :  * the reprojection.
    3464             :  *
    3465             :  * @param hSrcSRS the coordinate system for the source coordinate system.
    3466             :  * @param hDstSRS the coordinate system for the destination coordinate
    3467             :  * system.
    3468             :  * @param papszOptions NULL-terminated list of options, or NULL. Currently
    3469             :  * supported options are:
    3470             :  * <ul>
    3471             :  * <li>AREA_OF_INTEREST=west_long,south_lat,east_long,north_lat: Values in
    3472             :  * degrees. longitudes in [-180,180], latitudes in [-90,90].</li>
    3473             :  * <li>COORDINATE_OPERATION=string: PROJ or WKT string representing a
    3474             :  * coordinate operation, overriding the default computed transformation.</li>
    3475             :  * <li>COORDINATE_EPOCH=decimal_year: Coordinate epoch, expressed as a
    3476             :  * decimal year. Useful for time-dependent coordinate operations.</li>
    3477             :  * <li> SRC_COORDINATE_EPOCH: (GDAL &gt;= 3.4) Coordinate epoch of source CRS,
    3478             :  * expressed as a decimal year. Useful for time-dependent coordinate
    3479             :  *operations.</li>
    3480             :  * <li> DST_COORDINATE_EPOCH: (GDAL &gt;= 3.4) Coordinate epoch
    3481             :  *of target CRS, expressed as a decimal year. Useful for time-dependent
    3482             :  *coordinate operations.</li>
    3483             :  * <li> ALLOW_BALLPARK=YES/NO: (GDAL &gt;= 3.11) Whether ballpark coordinate
    3484             :  * operations are allowed. Defaults to YES.</li>
    3485             :  * <li> ONLY_BEST=YES/NO/AUTO: (GDAL &gt;= 3.11) By default (at least in the
    3486             :  * PROJ 9.x series), PROJ may use coordinate
    3487             :  * operations that are not the "best" if resources (typically grids) needed
    3488             :  * to use them are missing. It will then fallback to other coordinate operations
    3489             :  * that have a lesser accuracy, for example using Helmert transformations,
    3490             :  * or in the absence of such operations, to ones with potential very rought
    3491             :  * accuracy, using "ballpark" transformations
    3492             :  * (see https://proj.org/glossary.html).
    3493             :  * When calling this method with YES, PROJ will only consider the
    3494             :  * "best" operation, and error out (at Transform() time) if they cannot be
    3495             :  * used.
    3496             :  * This method may be used together with ALLOW_BALLPARK=NO to
    3497             :  * only allow best operations that have a known accuracy.
    3498             :  * Note that this method has no effect on PROJ versions before 9.2.
    3499             :  * The default value for this option can be also set with the
    3500             :  * PROJ_ONLY_BEST_DEFAULT environment variable, or with the "only_best_default"
    3501             :  * setting of proj.ini. Calling SetOnlyBest() overrides such default value.</li>
    3502             :  * </ul>
    3503             :  *
    3504             :  * @return Handle for use with GDALReprojectionTransform(), or NULL if the
    3505             :  * system fails to initialize the reprojection.
    3506             :  *
    3507             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
    3508             :  **/
    3509             : 
    3510        1131 : void *GDALCreateReprojectionTransformerEx(OGRSpatialReferenceH hSrcSRS,
    3511             :                                           OGRSpatialReferenceH hDstSRS,
    3512             :                                           const char *const *papszOptions)
    3513             : {
    3514        1131 :     OGRSpatialReference *poSrcSRS = OGRSpatialReference::FromHandle(hSrcSRS);
    3515        1131 :     OGRSpatialReference *poDstSRS = OGRSpatialReference::FromHandle(hDstSRS);
    3516             : 
    3517             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3518             :     /*      Build the forward coordinate transformation.                    */
    3519             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3520        1131 :     double dfWestLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
    3521        1131 :     double dfSouthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
    3522        1131 :     double dfEastLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
    3523        1131 :     double dfNorthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
    3524        1131 :     const char *pszBBOX = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "AREA_OF_INTEREST");
    3525        1131 :     if (pszBBOX)
    3526             :     {
    3527        1064 :         char **papszTokens = CSLTokenizeString2(pszBBOX, ",", 0);
    3528        1064 :         if (CSLCount(papszTokens) == 4)
    3529             :         {
    3530        1064 :             dfWestLongitudeDeg = CPLAtof(papszTokens[0]);
    3531        1064 :             dfSouthLatitudeDeg = CPLAtof(papszTokens[1]);
    3532        1064 :             dfEastLongitudeDeg = CPLAtof(papszTokens[2]);
    3533        1064 :             dfNorthLatitudeDeg = CPLAtof(papszTokens[3]);
    3534             :         }
    3535        1064 :         CSLDestroy(papszTokens);
    3536             :     }
    3537        1131 :     const char *pszCO = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "COORDINATE_OPERATION");
    3538             : 
    3539        2262 :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions optionsFwd;
    3540        1131 :     if (!(dfWestLongitudeDeg == 0.0 && dfSouthLatitudeDeg == 0.0 &&
    3541             :           dfEastLongitudeDeg == 0.0 && dfNorthLatitudeDeg == 0.0))
    3542             :     {
    3543        1064 :         optionsFwd.SetAreaOfInterest(dfWestLongitudeDeg, dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
    3544             :                                      dfEastLongitudeDeg, dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
    3545             :     }
    3546        1131 :     if (pszCO)
    3547             :     {
    3548           7 :         optionsFwd.SetCoordinateOperation(pszCO, false);
    3549             :     }
    3550             : 
    3551        1131 :     const char *pszCENTER_LONG = CSLFetchNameValue(papszOptions, "CENTER_LONG");
    3552        1131 :     if (pszCENTER_LONG)
    3553             :     {
    3554         760 :         optionsFwd.SetSourceCenterLong(CPLAtof(pszCENTER_LONG));
    3555             :     }
    3556             : 
    3557        1131 :     optionsFwd.SetBallparkAllowed(CPLTestBool(
    3558             :         CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "ALLOW_BALLPARK", "YES")));
    3559             : 
    3560             :     const char *pszOnlyBest =
    3561        1131 :         CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "ONLY_BEST", "AUTO");
    3562        1131 :     if (!EQUAL(pszOnlyBest, "AUTO"))
    3563             :     {
    3564           1 :         optionsFwd.SetOnlyBest(CPLTestBool(pszOnlyBest));
    3565             :     }
    3566             : 
    3567             :     OGRCoordinateTransformation *poForwardTransform =
    3568        1131 :         OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(poSrcSRS, poDstSRS, optionsFwd);
    3569             : 
    3570        1131 :     if (poForwardTransform == nullptr)
    3571             :         // OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation() will report errors on its own.
    3572           5 :         return nullptr;
    3573             : 
    3574        1126 :     poForwardTransform->SetEmitErrors(false);
    3575             : 
    3576             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3577             :     /*      Create a structure to hold the transform info, and also         */
    3578             :     /*      build reverse transform.  We assume that if the forward         */
    3579             :     /*      transform can be created, then so can the reverse one.          */
    3580             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3581        1126 :     GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *psInfo = new GDALReprojectionTransformInfo();
    3582             : 
    3583        1126 :     psInfo->papszOptions = CSLDuplicate(papszOptions);
    3584        1126 :     psInfo->poForwardTransform = poForwardTransform;
    3585        1126 :     psInfo->dfTime = CPLAtof(CSLFetchNameValueDef(
    3586             :         papszOptions, "COORDINATE_EPOCH",
    3587             :         CSLFetchNameValueDef(
    3588             :             papszOptions, "DST_COORDINATE_EPOCH",
    3589             :             CSLFetchNameValueDef(papszOptions, "SRC_COORDINATE_EPOCH", "0"))));
    3590        1126 :     psInfo->poReverseTransform = poForwardTransform->GetInverse();
    3591             : 
    3592        1126 :     if (psInfo->poReverseTransform)
    3593        1126 :         psInfo->poReverseTransform->SetEmitErrors(false);
    3594             : 
    3595        1126 :     memcpy(psInfo->sTI.abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    3596             :            strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE));
    3597        1126 :     psInfo->sTI.pszClassName = GDAL_REPROJECTION_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME;
    3598        1126 :     psInfo->sTI.pfnTransform = GDALReprojectionTransform;
    3599        1126 :     psInfo->sTI.pfnCleanup = GDALDestroyReprojectionTransformer;
    3600        1126 :     psInfo->sTI.pfnSerialize = GDALSerializeReprojectionTransformer;
    3601             : 
    3602        1126 :     return psInfo;
    3603             : }
    3604             : 
    3605             : /************************************************************************/
    3606             : /*                 GDALDestroyReprojectionTransformer()                 */
    3607             : /************************************************************************/
    3608             : 
    3609             : /**
    3610             :  * Destroy reprojection transformation.
    3611             :  *
    3612             :  * @param pTransformArg the transformation handle returned by
    3613             :  * GDALCreateReprojectionTransformer().
    3614             :  */
    3615             : 
    3616        1126 : void GDALDestroyReprojectionTransformer(void *pTransformArg)
    3617             : 
    3618             : {
    3619        1126 :     if (pTransformArg == nullptr)
    3620           0 :         return;
    3621             : 
    3622        1126 :     GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3623             :         static_cast<GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    3624             : 
    3625        1126 :     if (psInfo->poForwardTransform)
    3626        1126 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::DestroyCT(psInfo->poForwardTransform);
    3627             : 
    3628        1126 :     if (psInfo->poReverseTransform)
    3629        1126 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::DestroyCT(psInfo->poReverseTransform);
    3630             : 
    3631        1126 :     CSLDestroy(psInfo->papszOptions);
    3632             : 
    3633        1126 :     delete psInfo;
    3634             : }
    3635             : 
    3636             : /************************************************************************/
    3637             : /*                     GDALReprojectionTransform()                      */
    3638             : /************************************************************************/
    3639             : 
    3640             : /**
    3641             :  * Perform reprojection transformation.
    3642             :  *
    3643             :  * Actually performs the reprojection transformation described in
    3644             :  * GDALCreateReprojectionTransformer().  This function matches the
    3645             :  * GDALTransformerFunc() signature.  Details of the arguments are described
    3646             :  * there.
    3647             :  */
    3648             : 
    3649     1796010 : int GDALReprojectionTransform(void *pTransformArg, int bDstToSrc,
    3650             :                               int nPointCount, double *padfX, double *padfY,
    3651             :                               double *padfZ, int *panSuccess)
    3652             : 
    3653             : {
    3654     1796010 :     GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3655             :         static_cast<GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    3656             :     int bSuccess;
    3657             : 
    3658     1796010 :     std::vector<double> adfTime;
    3659     1795490 :     double *padfT = nullptr;
    3660     1795490 :     if (psInfo->dfTime != 0.0 && nPointCount > 0)
    3661             :     {
    3662           1 :         adfTime.resize(nPointCount, psInfo->dfTime);
    3663           1 :         padfT = &adfTime[0];
    3664             :     }
    3665             : 
    3666     1795470 :     if (bDstToSrc)
    3667             :     {
    3668     1542440 :         if (psInfo->poReverseTransform == nullptr)
    3669             :         {
    3670           0 :             CPLError(
    3671             :                 CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3672             :                 "Inverse coordinate transformation cannot be instantiated");
    3673           0 :             if (panSuccess)
    3674             :             {
    3675           0 :                 for (int i = 0; i < nPointCount; i++)
    3676           0 :                     panSuccess[i] = FALSE;
    3677             :             }
    3678           0 :             bSuccess = false;
    3679             :         }
    3680             :         else
    3681             :         {
    3682     1542860 :             bSuccess = psInfo->poReverseTransform->Transform(
    3683     1542440 :                 nPointCount, padfX, padfY, padfZ, padfT, panSuccess);
    3684             :         }
    3685             :     }
    3686             :     else
    3687      253030 :         bSuccess = psInfo->poForwardTransform->Transform(
    3688      253030 :             nPointCount, padfX, padfY, padfZ, padfT, panSuccess);
    3689             : 
    3690     3591540 :     return bSuccess;
    3691             : }
    3692             : 
    3693             : /************************************************************************/
    3694             : /*                GDALSerializeReprojectionTransformer()                */
    3695             : /************************************************************************/
    3696             : 
    3697         224 : static CPLXMLNode *GDALSerializeReprojectionTransformer(void *pTransformArg)
    3698             : 
    3699             : {
    3700             :     CPLXMLNode *psTree;
    3701         224 :     GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3702             :         static_cast<GDALReprojectionTransformInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    3703             : 
    3704         224 :     psTree = CPLCreateXMLNode(nullptr, CXT_Element, "ReprojectionTransformer");
    3705             : 
    3706             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3707             :     /*      Handle SourceCS.                                                */
    3708             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3709         448 :     const auto ExportToWkt = [](const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
    3710             :     {
    3711             :         // Try first in WKT1 for backward compat
    3712             :         {
    3713         448 :             char *pszWKT = nullptr;
    3714         448 :             const char *const apszOptions[] = {"FORMAT=WKT1", nullptr};
    3715         448 :             CPLErrorHandlerPusher oHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    3716         448 :             CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper;
    3717         447 :             if (poSRS->exportToWkt(&pszWKT, apszOptions) == OGRERR_NONE)
    3718             :             {
    3719         894 :                 std::string osRet(pszWKT);
    3720         447 :                 CPLFree(pszWKT);
    3721         447 :                 return osRet;
    3722             :             }
    3723           1 :             CPLFree(pszWKT);
    3724             :         }
    3725             : 
    3726           1 :         char *pszWKT = nullptr;
    3727           1 :         const char *const apszOptions[] = {"FORMAT=WKT2_2019", nullptr};
    3728           1 :         if (poSRS->exportToWkt(&pszWKT, apszOptions) == OGRERR_NONE)
    3729             :         {
    3730           2 :             std::string osRet(pszWKT);
    3731           1 :             CPLFree(pszWKT);
    3732           1 :             return osRet;
    3733             :         }
    3734           0 :         CPLFree(pszWKT);
    3735           0 :         return std::string();
    3736             :     };
    3737             : 
    3738         223 :     auto poSRS = psInfo->poForwardTransform->GetSourceCS();
    3739         223 :     if (poSRS)
    3740             :     {
    3741         447 :         const auto osWKT = ExportToWkt(poSRS);
    3742         224 :         CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psTree, "SourceSRS", osWKT.c_str());
    3743             :     }
    3744             : 
    3745             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3746             :     /*      Handle DestinationCS.                                           */
    3747             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3748         224 :     poSRS = psInfo->poForwardTransform->GetTargetCS();
    3749         224 :     if (poSRS)
    3750             :     {
    3751         448 :         const auto osWKT = ExportToWkt(poSRS);
    3752         224 :         CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psTree, "TargetSRS", osWKT.c_str());
    3753             :     }
    3754             : 
    3755             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3756             :     /*      Serialize options.                                              */
    3757             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3758         224 :     if (psInfo->papszOptions)
    3759             :     {
    3760             :         CPLXMLNode *psOptions =
    3761         211 :             CPLCreateXMLNode(psTree, CXT_Element, "Options");
    3762         559 :         for (auto iter = psInfo->papszOptions; *iter != nullptr; ++iter)
    3763             :         {
    3764         348 :             char *pszKey = nullptr;
    3765         348 :             const char *pszValue = CPLParseNameValue(*iter, &pszKey);
    3766         348 :             if (pszKey && pszValue)
    3767             :             {
    3768             :                 auto elt =
    3769         348 :                     CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(psOptions, "Option", pszValue);
    3770         348 :                 CPLAddXMLAttributeAndValue(elt, "key", pszKey);
    3771             :             }
    3772         348 :             CPLFree(pszKey);
    3773             :         }
    3774             :     }
    3775             : 
    3776         224 :     return psTree;
    3777             : }
    3778             : 
    3779             : /************************************************************************/
    3780             : /*               GDALDeserializeReprojectionTransformer()               */
    3781             : /************************************************************************/
    3782             : 
    3783         271 : static void *GDALDeserializeReprojectionTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree)
    3784             : 
    3785             : {
    3786         271 :     const char *pszSourceSRS = CPLGetXMLValue(psTree, "SourceSRS", nullptr);
    3787         271 :     const char *pszTargetSRS = CPLGetXMLValue(psTree, "TargetSRS", nullptr);
    3788         271 :     char *pszSourceWKT = nullptr, *pszTargetWKT = nullptr;
    3789         271 :     void *pResult = nullptr;
    3790             : 
    3791         542 :     OGRSpatialReference oSrcSRS;
    3792         542 :     OGRSpatialReference oDstSRS;
    3793             : 
    3794         271 :     oSrcSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    3795         271 :     oDstSRS.SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    3796         271 :     if (pszSourceSRS != nullptr)
    3797             :     {
    3798         271 :         oSrcSRS.SetFromUserInput(pszSourceSRS);
    3799             :     }
    3800             : 
    3801         271 :     if (pszTargetSRS != nullptr)
    3802             :     {
    3803         271 :         oDstSRS.SetFromUserInput(pszTargetSRS);
    3804             :     }
    3805             : 
    3806         271 :     CPLStringList aosList;
    3807         271 :     const CPLXMLNode *psOptions = CPLGetXMLNode(psTree, "Options");
    3808         271 :     if (psOptions)
    3809             :     {
    3810         627 :         for (auto iter = psOptions->psChild; iter; iter = iter->psNext)
    3811             :         {
    3812         392 :             if (iter->eType == CXT_Element &&
    3813         392 :                 strcmp(iter->pszValue, "Option") == 0)
    3814             :             {
    3815         392 :                 const char *pszKey = CPLGetXMLValue(iter, "key", nullptr);
    3816         392 :                 const char *pszValue = CPLGetXMLValue(iter, nullptr, nullptr);
    3817         392 :                 if (pszKey && pszValue)
    3818             :                 {
    3819         392 :                     aosList.SetNameValue(pszKey, pszValue);
    3820             :                 }
    3821             :             }
    3822             :         }
    3823             :     }
    3824             : 
    3825         271 :     pResult = GDALCreateReprojectionTransformerEx(
    3826         271 :         !oSrcSRS.IsEmpty() ? OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(&oSrcSRS) : nullptr,
    3827         271 :         !oDstSRS.IsEmpty() ? OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(&oDstSRS) : nullptr,
    3828         271 :         aosList.List());
    3829             : 
    3830         271 :     CPLFree(pszSourceWKT);
    3831         271 :     CPLFree(pszTargetWKT);
    3832             : 
    3833         542 :     return pResult;
    3834             : }
    3835             : 
    3836             : /************************************************************************/
    3837             : /* ==================================================================== */
    3838             : /*      Approximate transformer.                                        */
    3839             : /* ==================================================================== */
    3840             : /************************************************************************/
    3841             : 
    3842             : /************************************************************************/
    3843             : /*                  GDALCreateSimilarApproxTransformer()                */
    3844             : /************************************************************************/
    3845             : 
    3846         128 : static void *GDALCreateSimilarApproxTransformer(void *hTransformArg,
    3847             :                                                 double dfSrcRatioX,
    3848             :                                                 double dfSrcRatioY)
    3849             : {
    3850         128 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransformArg, "GDALCreateSimilarApproxTransformer",
    3851             :                       nullptr);
    3852             : 
    3853         128 :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3854             :         static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(hTransformArg);
    3855             : 
    3856         128 :     void *pBaseCBData = GDALCreateSimilarTransformer(psInfo->pBaseCBData,
    3857             :                                                      dfSrcRatioX, dfSrcRatioY);
    3858         128 :     if (pBaseCBData == nullptr)
    3859             :     {
    3860           0 :         return nullptr;
    3861             :     }
    3862             : 
    3863             :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psClonedInfo =
    3864         128 :         static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(GDALCreateApproxTransformer2(
    3865             :             psInfo->pfnBaseTransformer, pBaseCBData, psInfo->dfMaxErrorForward,
    3866             :             psInfo->dfMaxErrorReverse));
    3867         128 :     psClonedInfo->bOwnSubtransformer = TRUE;
    3868             : 
    3869         128 :     return psClonedInfo;
    3870             : }
    3871             : 
    3872             : /************************************************************************/
    3873             : /*                   GDALSerializeApproxTransformer()                   */
    3874             : /************************************************************************/
    3875             : 
    3876          58 : static CPLXMLNode *GDALSerializeApproxTransformer(void *pTransformArg)
    3877             : 
    3878             : {
    3879             :     CPLXMLNode *psTree;
    3880          58 :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psInfo =
    3881             :         static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    3882             : 
    3883          58 :     psTree = CPLCreateXMLNode(nullptr, CXT_Element, "ApproxTransformer");
    3884             : 
    3885             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3886             :     /*      Attach max error.                                               */
    3887             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3888          58 :     if (psInfo->dfMaxErrorForward == psInfo->dfMaxErrorReverse)
    3889             :     {
    3890          56 :         CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(
    3891             :             psTree, "MaxError",
    3892         112 :             CPLString().Printf("%g", psInfo->dfMaxErrorForward));
    3893             :     }
    3894             :     else
    3895             :     {
    3896           2 :         CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(
    3897             :             psTree, "MaxErrorForward",
    3898           4 :             CPLString().Printf("%g", psInfo->dfMaxErrorForward));
    3899           2 :         CPLCreateXMLElementAndValue(
    3900             :             psTree, "MaxErrorReverse",
    3901           4 :             CPLString().Printf("%g", psInfo->dfMaxErrorReverse));
    3902             :     }
    3903             : 
    3904             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3905             :     /*      Capture underlying transformer.                                 */
    3906             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    3907             :     CPLXMLNode *psTransformerContainer =
    3908          58 :         CPLCreateXMLNode(psTree, CXT_Element, "BaseTransformer");
    3909             : 
    3910          58 :     CPLXMLNode *psTransformer = GDALSerializeTransformer(
    3911             :         psInfo->pfnBaseTransformer, psInfo->pBaseCBData);
    3912          58 :     if (psTransformer != nullptr)
    3913          58 :         CPLAddXMLChild(psTransformerContainer, psTransformer);
    3914             : 
    3915          58 :     return psTree;
    3916             : }
    3917             : 
    3918             : /************************************************************************/
    3919             : /*                    GDALCreateApproxTransformer()                     */
    3920             : /************************************************************************/
    3921             : 
    3922             : /**
    3923             :  * Create an approximating transformer.
    3924             :  *
    3925             :  * This function creates a context for an approximated transformer.  Basically
    3926             :  * a high precision transformer is supplied as input and internally linear
    3927             :  * approximations are computed to generate results to within a defined
    3928             :  * precision.
    3929             :  *
    3930             :  * The approximation is actually done at the point where GDALApproxTransform()
    3931             :  * calls are made, and depend on the assumption that they are roughly linear.
    3932             :  * The first and last point passed in must be the extreme values and the
    3933             :  * intermediate values should describe a curve between the end points.  The
    3934             :  * approximator transforms and centers using the approximate transformer, and
    3935             :  * then compares the true middle transformed value to a linear approximation
    3936             :  * based on the end points.  If the error is within the supplied threshold then
    3937             :  * the end points are used to linearly approximate all the values otherwise the
    3938             :  * input points are split into two smaller sets, and the function is recursively
    3939             :  * called until a sufficiently small set of points is found that the linear
    3940             :  * approximation is OK, or that all the points are exactly computed.
    3941             :  *
    3942             :  * This function is very suitable for approximating transformation results
    3943             :  * from output pixel/line space to input coordinates for warpers that operate
    3944             :  * on one input scanline at a time.  Care should be taken using it in other
    3945             :  * circumstances as little internal validation is done in order to keep things
    3946             :  * fast.
    3947             :  *
    3948             :  * @param pfnBaseTransformer the high precision transformer which should be
    3949             :  * approximated.
    3950             :  * @param pBaseTransformArg the callback argument for the high precision
    3951             :  * transformer.
    3952             :  * @param dfMaxError the maximum cartesian error in the "output" space that
    3953             :  * is to be accepted in the linear approximation, evaluated as a Manhattan
    3954             :  * distance.
    3955             :  *
    3956             :  * @return callback pointer suitable for use with GDALApproxTransform().  It
    3957             :  * should be deallocated with GDALDestroyApproxTransformer().
    3958             :  */
    3959             : 
    3960        1030 : void *GDALCreateApproxTransformer(GDALTransformerFunc pfnBaseTransformer,
    3961             :                                   void *pBaseTransformArg, double dfMaxError)
    3962             : 
    3963             : {
    3964        1030 :     return GDALCreateApproxTransformer2(pfnBaseTransformer, pBaseTransformArg,
    3965        1030 :                                         dfMaxError, dfMaxError);
    3966             : }
    3967             : 
    3968             : static void *
    3969        1311 : GDALCreateApproxTransformer2(GDALTransformerFunc pfnBaseTransformer,
    3970             :                              void *pBaseTransformArg, double dfMaxErrorForward,
    3971             :                              double dfMaxErrorReverse)
    3972             : 
    3973             : {
    3974        1311 :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psATInfo = new GDALApproxTransformInfo;
    3975        1311 :     psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer = pfnBaseTransformer;
    3976        1311 :     psATInfo->pBaseCBData = pBaseTransformArg;
    3977        1311 :     psATInfo->dfMaxErrorForward = dfMaxErrorForward;
    3978        1311 :     psATInfo->dfMaxErrorReverse = dfMaxErrorReverse;
    3979        1311 :     psATInfo->bOwnSubtransformer = FALSE;
    3980             : 
    3981        1311 :     memcpy(psATInfo->sTI.abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    3982             :            strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE));
    3983        1311 :     psATInfo->sTI.pszClassName = GDAL_APPROX_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME;
    3984        1311 :     psATInfo->sTI.pfnTransform = GDALApproxTransform;
    3985        1311 :     psATInfo->sTI.pfnCleanup = GDALDestroyApproxTransformer;
    3986        1311 :     psATInfo->sTI.pfnSerialize = GDALSerializeApproxTransformer;
    3987        1311 :     psATInfo->sTI.pfnCreateSimilar = GDALCreateSimilarApproxTransformer;
    3988             : 
    3989        1311 :     return psATInfo;
    3990             : }
    3991             : 
    3992             : /************************************************************************/
    3993             : /*              GDALApproxTransformerOwnsSubtransformer()               */
    3994             : /************************************************************************/
    3995             : 
    3996             : /** Set bOwnSubtransformer flag */
    3997        1180 : void GDALApproxTransformerOwnsSubtransformer(void *pCBData, int bOwnFlag)
    3998             : 
    3999             : {
    4000        1180 :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psATInfo =
    4001             :         static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(pCBData);
    4002             : 
    4003        1180 :     psATInfo->bOwnSubtransformer = bOwnFlag;
    4004        1180 : }
    4005             : 
    4006             : /************************************************************************/
    4007             : /*                    GDALDestroyApproxTransformer()                    */
    4008             : /************************************************************************/
    4009             : 
    4010             : /**
    4011             :  * Cleanup approximate transformer.
    4012             :  *
    4013             :  * Deallocates the resources allocated by GDALCreateApproxTransformer().
    4014             :  *
    4015             :  * @param pCBData callback data originally returned by
    4016             :  * GDALCreateApproxTransformer().
    4017             :  */
    4018             : 
    4019        1311 : void GDALDestroyApproxTransformer(void *pCBData)
    4020             : 
    4021             : {
    4022        1311 :     if (pCBData == nullptr)
    4023           0 :         return;
    4024             : 
    4025        1311 :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psATInfo =
    4026             :         static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(pCBData);
    4027             : 
    4028        1311 :     if (psATInfo->bOwnSubtransformer)
    4029        1308 :         GDALDestroyTransformer(psATInfo->pBaseCBData);
    4030             : 
    4031        1311 :     delete psATInfo;
    4032             : }
    4033             : 
    4034             : /************************************************************************/
    4035             : /*                  GDALRefreshApproxTransformer()                      */
    4036             : /************************************************************************/
    4037             : 
    4038          44 : void GDALRefreshApproxTransformer(void *hTransformArg)
    4039             : {
    4040          44 :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psInfo =
    4041             :         static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(hTransformArg);
    4042             : 
    4043          44 :     if (GDALIsTransformer(psInfo->pBaseCBData,
    4044             :                           GDAL_GEN_IMG_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    4045             :     {
    4046          44 :         GDALRefreshGenImgProjTransformer(psInfo->pBaseCBData);
    4047             :     }
    4048          44 : }
    4049             : 
    4050             : /************************************************************************/
    4051             : /*                      GDALApproxTransformInternal()                   */
    4052             : /************************************************************************/
    4053             : 
    4054     1199790 : static int GDALApproxTransformInternal(void *pCBData, int bDstToSrc,
    4055             :                                        int nPoints, double *x, double *y,
    4056             :                                        double *z, int *panSuccess,
    4057             :                                        // SME = Start, Middle, End.
    4058             :                                        const double xSMETransformed[3],
    4059             :                                        const double ySMETransformed[3],
    4060             :                                        const double zSMETransformed[3])
    4061             : {
    4062     1199790 :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psATInfo =
    4063             :         static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(pCBData);
    4064     1199790 :     const int nMiddle = (nPoints - 1) / 2;
    4065             : 
    4066             : #ifdef notdef_sanify_check
    4067             :     {
    4068             :         double x2[3] = {x[0], x[nMiddle], x[nPoints - 1]};
    4069             :         double y2[3] = {y[0], y[nMiddle], y[nPoints - 1]};
    4070             :         double z2[3] = {z[0], z[nMiddle], z[nPoints - 1]};
    4071             :         int anSuccess2[3] = {};
    4072             : 
    4073             :         const int bSuccess = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(
    4074             :             psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, 3, x2, y2, z2, anSuccess2);
    4075             :         CPLAssert(bSuccess);
    4076             :         CPLAssert(anSuccess2[0]);
    4077             :         CPLAssert(anSuccess2[1]);
    4078             :         CPLAssert(anSuccess2[2]);
    4079             :         CPLAssert(x2[0] == xSMETransformed[0]);
    4080             :         CPLAssert(y2[0] == ySMETransformed[0]);
    4081             :         CPLAssert(z2[0] == zSMETransformed[0]);
    4082             :         CPLAssert(x2[1] == xSMETransformed[1]);
    4083             :         CPLAssert(y2[1] == ySMETransformed[1]);
    4084             :         CPLAssert(z2[1] == zSMETransformed[1]);
    4085             :         CPLAssert(x2[2] == xSMETransformed[2]);
    4086             :         CPLAssert(y2[2] == ySMETransformed[2]);
    4087             :         CPLAssert(z2[2] == zSMETransformed[2]);
    4088             :     }
    4089             : #endif
    4090             : 
    4091             : #ifdef DEBUG_APPROX_TRANSFORMER
    4092             :     fprintf(stderr, "start (%.3f,%.3f) -> (%.3f,%.3f)\n", /*ok*/
    4093             :             x[0], y[0], xSMETransformed[0], ySMETransformed[0]);
    4094             :     fprintf(stderr, "middle (%.3f,%.3f) -> (%.3f,%.3f)\n", /*ok*/
    4095             :             x[nMiddle], y[nMiddle], xSMETransformed[1], ySMETransformed[1]);
    4096             :     fprintf(stderr, "end (%.3f,%.3f) -> (%.3f,%.3f)\n", /*ok*/
    4097             :             x[nPoints - 1], y[nPoints - 1], xSMETransformed[2],
    4098             :             ySMETransformed[2]);
    4099             : #endif
    4100             : 
    4101             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    4102             :     /*      Is the error at the middle acceptable relative to an            */
    4103             :     /*      interpolation of the middle position?                           */
    4104             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    4105     1199790 :     const double dfDeltaX =
    4106     1199790 :         (xSMETransformed[2] - xSMETransformed[0]) / (x[nPoints - 1] - x[0]);
    4107     1199790 :     const double dfDeltaY =
    4108     1199790 :         (ySMETransformed[2] - ySMETransformed[0]) / (x[nPoints - 1] - x[0]);
    4109     1199790 :     const double dfDeltaZ =
    4110     1199790 :         (zSMETransformed[2] - zSMETransformed[0]) / (x[nPoints - 1] - x[0]);
    4111             : 
    4112     1199790 :     const double dfError =
    4113     1199790 :         fabs((xSMETransformed[0] + dfDeltaX * (x[nMiddle] - x[0])) -
    4114     1199790 :              xSMETransformed[1]) +
    4115     1199790 :         fabs((ySMETransformed[0] + dfDeltaY * (x[nMiddle] - x[0])) -
    4116     1199790 :              ySMETransformed[1]);
    4117             : 
    4118     1199790 :     const double dfMaxError =
    4119     1199790 :         (bDstToSrc) ? psATInfo->dfMaxErrorReverse : psATInfo->dfMaxErrorForward;
    4120     1199790 :     if (dfError > dfMaxError)
    4121             :     {
    4122             : #if DEBUG_VERBOSE
    4123             :         CPLDebug("GDAL",
    4124             :                  "ApproxTransformer - "
    4125             :                  "error %g over threshold %g, subdivide %d points.",
    4126             :                  dfError, dfMaxError, nPoints);
    4127             : #endif
    4128             : 
    4129      594831 :         double xMiddle[3] = {x[(nMiddle - 1) / 2], x[nMiddle - 1],
    4130      594831 :                              x[nMiddle + (nPoints - nMiddle - 1) / 2]};
    4131      594831 :         double yMiddle[3] = {y[(nMiddle - 1) / 2], y[nMiddle - 1],
    4132      594831 :                              y[nMiddle + (nPoints - nMiddle - 1) / 2]};
    4133      594831 :         double zMiddle[3] = {z[(nMiddle - 1) / 2], z[nMiddle - 1],
    4134      594831 :                              z[nMiddle + (nPoints - nMiddle - 1) / 2]};
    4135             : 
    4136      594831 :         const bool bUseBaseTransformForHalf1 =
    4137      466517 :             nMiddle <= 5 || y[0] != y[nMiddle - 1] ||
    4138     1527860 :             y[0] != y[(nMiddle - 1) / 2] || x[0] == x[nMiddle - 1] ||
    4139      466517 :             x[0] == x[(nMiddle - 1) / 2];
    4140      594831 :         const bool bUseBaseTransformForHalf2 =
    4141      480605 :             nPoints - nMiddle <= 5 || y[nMiddle] != y[nPoints - 1] ||
    4142      480605 :             y[nMiddle] != y[nMiddle + (nPoints - nMiddle - 1) / 2] ||
    4143     1556040 :             x[nMiddle] == x[nPoints - 1] ||
    4144      480605 :             x[nMiddle] == x[nMiddle + (nPoints - nMiddle - 1) / 2];
    4145             : 
    4146      594831 :         int anSuccess2[3] = {};
    4147      594831 :         int bSuccess = FALSE;
    4148      594831 :         if (!bUseBaseTransformForHalf1 && !bUseBaseTransformForHalf2)
    4149      466517 :             bSuccess = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(
    4150             :                 psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, 3, xMiddle, yMiddle, zMiddle,
    4151             :                 anSuccess2);
    4152      128314 :         else if (!bUseBaseTransformForHalf1)
    4153             :         {
    4154           0 :             bSuccess = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(
    4155             :                 psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, 2, xMiddle, yMiddle, zMiddle,
    4156             :                 anSuccess2);
    4157           0 :             anSuccess2[2] = TRUE;
    4158             :         }
    4159      128314 :         else if (!bUseBaseTransformForHalf2)
    4160             :         {
    4161       14088 :             bSuccess = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(
    4162             :                 psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, 1, xMiddle + 2, yMiddle + 2,
    4163             :                 zMiddle + 2, anSuccess2 + 2);
    4164       14088 :             anSuccess2[0] = TRUE;
    4165       14088 :             anSuccess2[1] = TRUE;
    4166             :         }
    4167             : 
    4168      594831 :         if (!bSuccess || !anSuccess2[0] || !anSuccess2[1] || !anSuccess2[2])
    4169             :         {
    4170      114242 :             bSuccess = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(
    4171             :                 psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, nMiddle - 1, x + 1, y + 1,
    4172             :                 z + 1, panSuccess + 1);
    4173      228484 :             bSuccess &= psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(
    4174      114242 :                 psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, nPoints - nMiddle - 2,
    4175      114242 :                 x + nMiddle + 1, y + nMiddle + 1, z + nMiddle + 1,
    4176      114242 :                 panSuccess + nMiddle + 1);
    4177             : 
    4178      114242 :             x[0] = xSMETransformed[0];
    4179      114242 :             y[0] = ySMETransformed[0];
    4180      114242 :             z[0] = zSMETransformed[0];
    4181      114242 :             panSuccess[0] = TRUE;
    4182      114242 :             x[nMiddle] = xSMETransformed[1];
    4183      114242 :             y[nMiddle] = ySMETransformed[1];
    4184      114242 :             z[nMiddle] = zSMETransformed[1];
    4185      114242 :             panSuccess[nMiddle] = TRUE;
    4186      114242 :             x[nPoints - 1] = xSMETransformed[2];
    4187      114242 :             y[nPoints - 1] = ySMETransformed[2];
    4188      114242 :             z[nPoints - 1] = zSMETransformed[2];
    4189      114242 :             panSuccess[nPoints - 1] = TRUE;
    4190      114242 :             return bSuccess;
    4191             :         }
    4192             : 
    4193      480589 :         double x2[3] = {};
    4194      480589 :         double y2[3] = {};
    4195      480589 :         double z2[3] = {};
    4196      480589 :         if (!bUseBaseTransformForHalf1)
    4197             :         {
    4198      466501 :             x2[0] = xSMETransformed[0];
    4199      466501 :             y2[0] = ySMETransformed[0];
    4200      466501 :             z2[0] = zSMETransformed[0];
    4201      466501 :             x2[1] = xMiddle[0];
    4202      466501 :             y2[1] = yMiddle[0];
    4203      466501 :             z2[1] = zMiddle[0];
    4204      466501 :             x2[2] = xMiddle[1];
    4205      466501 :             y2[2] = yMiddle[1];
    4206      466501 :             z2[2] = zMiddle[1];
    4207             : 
    4208      466501 :             bSuccess = GDALApproxTransformInternal(
    4209             :                 psATInfo, bDstToSrc, nMiddle, x, y, z, panSuccess, x2, y2, z2);
    4210             :         }
    4211             :         else
    4212             :         {
    4213       14088 :             bSuccess = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(
    4214             :                 psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, nMiddle - 1, x + 1, y + 1,
    4215             :                 z + 1, panSuccess + 1);
    4216       14088 :             x[0] = xSMETransformed[0];
    4217       14088 :             y[0] = ySMETransformed[0];
    4218       14088 :             z[0] = zSMETransformed[0];
    4219       14088 :             panSuccess[0] = TRUE;
    4220             :         }
    4221             : 
    4222      480589 :         if (!bSuccess)
    4223          24 :             return FALSE;
    4224             : 
    4225      480565 :         if (!bUseBaseTransformForHalf2)
    4226             :         {
    4227      480565 :             x2[0] = xSMETransformed[1];
    4228      480565 :             y2[0] = ySMETransformed[1];
    4229      480565 :             z2[0] = zSMETransformed[1];
    4230      480565 :             x2[1] = xMiddle[2];
    4231      480565 :             y2[1] = yMiddle[2];
    4232      480565 :             z2[1] = zMiddle[2];
    4233      480565 :             x2[2] = xSMETransformed[2];
    4234      480565 :             y2[2] = ySMETransformed[2];
    4235      480565 :             z2[2] = zSMETransformed[2];
    4236             : 
    4237      480565 :             bSuccess = GDALApproxTransformInternal(
    4238      480565 :                 psATInfo, bDstToSrc, nPoints - nMiddle, x + nMiddle,
    4239      480565 :                 y + nMiddle, z + nMiddle, panSuccess + nMiddle, x2, y2, z2);
    4240             :         }
    4241             :         else
    4242             :         {
    4243           0 :             bSuccess = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(
    4244           0 :                 psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, nPoints - nMiddle - 2,
    4245           0 :                 x + nMiddle + 1, y + nMiddle + 1, z + nMiddle + 1,
    4246           0 :                 panSuccess + nMiddle + 1);
    4247             : 
    4248           0 :             x[nMiddle] = xSMETransformed[1];
    4249           0 :             y[nMiddle] = ySMETransformed[1];
    4250           0 :             z[nMiddle] = zSMETransformed[1];
    4251           0 :             panSuccess[nMiddle] = TRUE;
    4252           0 :             x[nPoints - 1] = xSMETransformed[2];
    4253           0 :             y[nPoints - 1] = ySMETransformed[2];
    4254           0 :             z[nPoints - 1] = zSMETransformed[2];
    4255           0 :             panSuccess[nPoints - 1] = TRUE;
    4256             :         }
    4257             : 
    4258      480565 :         if (!bSuccess)
    4259           2 :             return FALSE;
    4260             : 
    4261      480563 :         return TRUE;
    4262             :     }
    4263             : 
    4264             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    4265             :     /*      Error is OK since this is just used to compute output bounds    */
    4266             :     /*      of newly created file for gdalwarper.  So just use affine       */
    4267             :     /*      approximation of the reverse transform.  Eventually we          */
    4268             :     /*      should implement iterative searching to find a result within    */
    4269             :     /*      our error threshold.                                            */
    4270             :     /*      NOTE: the above comment is not true: gdalwarp uses approximator */
    4271             :     /*      also to compute the source pixel of each target pixel.          */
    4272             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    4273   117303000 :     for (int i = nPoints - 1; i >= 0; i--)
    4274             :     {
    4275             : #ifdef check_error
    4276             :         double xtemp = x[i];
    4277             :         double ytemp = y[i];
    4278             :         double ztemp = z[i];
    4279             :         double x_ori = xtemp;
    4280             :         double y_ori = ytemp;
    4281             :         int btemp = FALSE;
    4282             :         psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, 1,
    4283             :                                      &xtemp, &ytemp, &ztemp, &btemp);
    4284             : #endif
    4285   116698000 :         const double dfDist = (x[i] - x[0]);
    4286   116698000 :         x[i] = xSMETransformed[0] + dfDeltaX * dfDist;
    4287   116698000 :         y[i] = ySMETransformed[0] + dfDeltaY * dfDist;
    4288   116698000 :         z[i] = zSMETransformed[0] + dfDeltaZ * dfDist;
    4289             : #ifdef check_error
    4290             :         const double dfError2 = fabs(x[i] - xtemp) + fabs(y[i] - ytemp);
    4291             :         if (dfError2 > 4 /*10 * dfMaxError*/)
    4292             :         {
    4293             :             /*ok*/ printf("Error = %f on (%f, %f)\n", dfError2, x_ori, y_ori);
    4294             :         }
    4295             : #endif
    4296   116698000 :         panSuccess[i] = TRUE;
    4297             :     }
    4298             : 
    4299      604957 :     return TRUE;
    4300             : }
    4301             : 
    4302             : /************************************************************************/
    4303             : /*                        GDALApproxTransform()                         */
    4304             : /************************************************************************/
    4305             : 
    4306             : /**
    4307             :  * Perform approximate transformation.
    4308             :  *
    4309             :  * Actually performs the approximate transformation described in
    4310             :  * GDALCreateApproxTransformer().  This function matches the
    4311             :  * GDALTransformerFunc() signature.  Details of the arguments are described
    4312             :  * there.
    4313             :  */
    4314             : 
    4315      678270 : int GDALApproxTransform(void *pCBData, int bDstToSrc, int nPoints, double *x,
    4316             :                         double *y, double *z, int *panSuccess)
    4317             : 
    4318             : {
    4319      678270 :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psATInfo =
    4320             :         static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(pCBData);
    4321      678270 :     double x2[3] = {};
    4322      678270 :     double y2[3] = {};
    4323      678270 :     double z2[3] = {};
    4324      678270 :     int anSuccess2[3] = {};
    4325             :     int bSuccess;
    4326             : 
    4327      678270 :     const int nMiddle = (nPoints - 1) / 2;
    4328             : 
    4329             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    4330             :     /*      Bail if our preconditions are not met, or if error is not       */
    4331             :     /*      acceptable.                                                     */
    4332             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    4333      678270 :     int bRet = FALSE;
    4334      678270 :     if (y[0] != y[nPoints - 1] || y[0] != y[nMiddle] ||
    4335      668875 :         x[0] == x[nPoints - 1] || x[0] == x[nMiddle] ||
    4336      258565 :         (psATInfo->dfMaxErrorForward == 0.0 &&
    4337      258565 :          psATInfo->dfMaxErrorReverse == 0.0) ||
    4338             :         nPoints <= 5)
    4339             :     {
    4340      420122 :         bRet = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc,
    4341             :                                             nPoints, x, y, z, panSuccess);
    4342      420282 :         goto end;
    4343             :     }
    4344             : 
    4345             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    4346             :     /*      Transform first, last and middle point.                         */
    4347             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    4348      258148 :     x2[0] = x[0];
    4349      258148 :     y2[0] = y[0];
    4350      258148 :     z2[0] = z[0];
    4351      258148 :     x2[1] = x[nMiddle];
    4352      258148 :     y2[1] = y[nMiddle];
    4353      258148 :     z2[1] = z[nMiddle];
    4354      258148 :     x2[2] = x[nPoints - 1];
    4355      258148 :     y2[2] = y[nPoints - 1];
    4356      258148 :     z2[2] = z[nPoints - 1];
    4357             : 
    4358      258148 :     bSuccess = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc, 3,
    4359             :                                             x2, y2, z2, anSuccess2);
    4360      258117 :     if (!bSuccess || !anSuccess2[0] || !anSuccess2[1] || !anSuccess2[2])
    4361             :     {
    4362        5396 :         bRet = psATInfo->pfnBaseTransformer(psATInfo->pBaseCBData, bDstToSrc,
    4363             :                                             nPoints, x, y, z, panSuccess);
    4364        5414 :         goto end;
    4365             :     }
    4366             : 
    4367      252721 :     bRet = GDALApproxTransformInternal(pCBData, bDstToSrc, nPoints, x, y, z,
    4368             :                                        panSuccess, x2, y2, z2);
    4369             : 
    4370      678429 : end:
    4371             : #ifdef DEBUG_APPROX_TRANSFORMER
    4372             :     for (int i = 0; i < nPoints; i++)
    4373             :         fprintf(stderr, "[%d] (%.10f,%.10f) %d\n", /*ok*/
    4374             :                 i, x[i], y[i], panSuccess[i]);
    4375             : #endif
    4376             : 
    4377      678429 :     return bRet;
    4378             : }
    4379             : 
    4380             : /************************************************************************/
    4381             : /*                  GDALDeserializeApproxTransformer()                  */
    4382             : /************************************************************************/
    4383             : 
    4384         151 : static void *GDALDeserializeApproxTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree)
    4385             : 
    4386             : {
    4387         151 :     double dfMaxErrorForward = 0.25;
    4388         151 :     double dfMaxErrorReverse = 0.25;
    4389         151 :     const char *pszMaxError = CPLGetXMLValue(psTree, "MaxError", nullptr);
    4390         151 :     if (pszMaxError != nullptr)
    4391             :     {
    4392         149 :         dfMaxErrorForward = CPLAtof(pszMaxError);
    4393         149 :         dfMaxErrorReverse = dfMaxErrorForward;
    4394             :     }
    4395             :     const char *pszMaxErrorForward =
    4396         151 :         CPLGetXMLValue(psTree, "MaxErrorForward", nullptr);
    4397         151 :     if (pszMaxErrorForward != nullptr)
    4398             :     {
    4399           2 :         dfMaxErrorForward = CPLAtof(pszMaxErrorForward);
    4400             :     }
    4401             :     const char *pszMaxErrorReverse =
    4402         151 :         CPLGetXMLValue(psTree, "MaxErrorReverse", nullptr);
    4403         151 :     if (pszMaxErrorReverse != nullptr)
    4404             :     {
    4405           2 :         dfMaxErrorReverse = CPLAtof(pszMaxErrorReverse);
    4406             :     }
    4407             : 
    4408         151 :     GDALTransformerFunc pfnBaseTransform = nullptr;
    4409         151 :     void *pBaseCBData = nullptr;
    4410             : 
    4411         151 :     CPLXMLNode *psContainer = CPLGetXMLNode(psTree, "BaseTransformer");
    4412             : 
    4413         151 :     if (psContainer != nullptr && psContainer->psChild != nullptr)
    4414             :     {
    4415         151 :         GDALDeserializeTransformer(psContainer->psChild, &pfnBaseTransform,
    4416             :                                    &pBaseCBData);
    4417             :     }
    4418             : 
    4419         151 :     if (pfnBaseTransform == nullptr)
    4420             :     {
    4421           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4422             :                  "Cannot get base transform for approx transformer.");
    4423           0 :         return nullptr;
    4424             :     }
    4425             : 
    4426         151 :     void *pApproxCBData = GDALCreateApproxTransformer2(
    4427             :         pfnBaseTransform, pBaseCBData, dfMaxErrorForward, dfMaxErrorReverse);
    4428         151 :     GDALApproxTransformerOwnsSubtransformer(pApproxCBData, TRUE);
    4429             : 
    4430         151 :     return pApproxCBData;
    4431             : }
    4432             : 
    4433             : /************************************************************************/
    4434             : /*                 GDALTransformLonLatToDestApproxTransformer()         */
    4435             : /************************************************************************/
    4436             : 
    4437        2586 : int GDALTransformLonLatToDestApproxTransformer(void *hTransformArg,
    4438             :                                                double *pdfX, double *pdfY)
    4439             : {
    4440        2586 :     GDALApproxTransformInfo *psInfo =
    4441             :         static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(hTransformArg);
    4442             : 
    4443        2586 :     if (GDALIsTransformer(psInfo->pBaseCBData,
    4444             :                           GDAL_GEN_IMG_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    4445             :     {
    4446        2586 :         return GDALTransformLonLatToDestGenImgProjTransformer(
    4447        2586 :             psInfo->pBaseCBData, pdfX, pdfY);
    4448             :     }
    4449           0 :     return false;
    4450             : }
    4451             : 
    4452             : /************************************************************************/
    4453             : /*                       GDALApplyGeoTransform()                        */
    4454             : /************************************************************************/
    4455             : 
    4456             : /**
    4457             :  * Apply GeoTransform to x/y coordinate.
    4458             :  *
    4459             :  * Applies the following computation, converting a (pixel, line) coordinate
    4460             :  * into a georeferenced (geo_x, geo_y) location.
    4461             :  * \code{.c}
    4462             :  *  *pdfGeoX = padfGeoTransform[0] + dfPixel * padfGeoTransform[1]
    4463             :  *                                 + dfLine  * padfGeoTransform[2];
    4464             :  *  *pdfGeoY = padfGeoTransform[3] + dfPixel * padfGeoTransform[4]
    4465             :  *                                 + dfLine  * padfGeoTransform[5];
    4466             :  * \endcode
    4467             :  *
    4468             :  * @param padfGeoTransform Six coefficient GeoTransform to apply.
    4469             :  * @param dfPixel Input pixel position.
    4470             :  * @param dfLine Input line position.
    4471             :  * @param pdfGeoX output location where geo_x (easting/longitude)
    4472             :  * location is placed.
    4473             :  * @param pdfGeoY output location where geo_y (northing/latitude)
    4474             :  * location is placed.
    4475             :  */
    4476             : 
    4477      305899 : void CPL_STDCALL GDALApplyGeoTransform(const double *padfGeoTransform,
    4478             :                                        double dfPixel, double dfLine,
    4479             :                                        double *pdfGeoX, double *pdfGeoY)
    4480             : {
    4481      305899 :     *pdfGeoX = padfGeoTransform[0] + dfPixel * padfGeoTransform[1] +
    4482      305899 :                dfLine * padfGeoTransform[2];
    4483      305899 :     *pdfGeoY = padfGeoTransform[3] + dfPixel * padfGeoTransform[4] +
    4484      305899 :                dfLine * padfGeoTransform[5];
    4485      305899 : }
    4486             : 
    4487             : /************************************************************************/
    4488             : /*                        GDALInvGeoTransform()                         */
    4489             : /************************************************************************/
    4490             : 
    4491             : /**
    4492             :  * Invert Geotransform.
    4493             :  *
    4494             :  * This function will invert a standard 3x2 set of GeoTransform coefficients.
    4495             :  * This converts the equation from being pixel to geo to being geo to pixel.
    4496             :  *
    4497             :  * @param gt_in Input geotransform (six doubles - unaltered).
    4498             :  * @param gt_out Output geotransform (six doubles - updated).
    4499             :  *
    4500             :  * @return TRUE on success or FALSE if the equation is uninvertable.
    4501             :  */
    4502             : 
    4503        3304 : int CPL_STDCALL GDALInvGeoTransform(const double *gt_in, double *gt_out)
    4504             : 
    4505             : {
    4506             :     // Special case - no rotation - to avoid computing determinate
    4507             :     // and potential precision issues.
    4508        3304 :     if (gt_in[2] == 0.0 && gt_in[4] == 0.0 && gt_in[1] != 0.0 &&
    4509        3247 :         gt_in[5] != 0.0)
    4510             :     {
    4511             :         /*X = gt_in[0] + x * gt_in[1]
    4512             :           Y = gt_in[3] + y * gt_in[5]
    4513             :           -->
    4514             :           x = -gt_in[0] / gt_in[1] + (1 / gt_in[1]) * X
    4515             :           y = -gt_in[3] / gt_in[5] + (1 / gt_in[5]) * Y
    4516             :         */
    4517        3247 :         gt_out[0] = -gt_in[0] / gt_in[1];
    4518        3247 :         gt_out[1] = 1.0 / gt_in[1];
    4519        3247 :         gt_out[2] = 0.0;
    4520        3247 :         gt_out[3] = -gt_in[3] / gt_in[5];
    4521        3247 :         gt_out[4] = 0.0;
    4522        3247 :         gt_out[5] = 1.0 / gt_in[5];
    4523        3247 :         return 1;
    4524             :     }
    4525             : 
    4526             :     // Assume a 3rd row that is [1 0 0].
    4527             : 
    4528             :     // Compute determinate.
    4529             : 
    4530          57 :     const double det = gt_in[1] * gt_in[5] - gt_in[2] * gt_in[4];
    4531         114 :     const double magnitude = std::max(std::max(fabs(gt_in[1]), fabs(gt_in[2])),
    4532          57 :                                       std::max(fabs(gt_in[4]), fabs(gt_in[5])));
    4533             : 
    4534          57 :     if (fabs(det) <= 1e-10 * magnitude * magnitude)
    4535           8 :         return 0;
    4536             : 
    4537          49 :     const double inv_det = 1.0 / det;
    4538             : 
    4539             :     // Compute adjoint, and divide by determinate.
    4540             : 
    4541          49 :     gt_out[1] = gt_in[5] * inv_det;
    4542          49 :     gt_out[4] = -gt_in[4] * inv_det;
    4543             : 
    4544          49 :     gt_out[2] = -gt_in[2] * inv_det;
    4545          49 :     gt_out[5] = gt_in[1] * inv_det;
    4546             : 
    4547          49 :     gt_out[0] = (gt_in[2] * gt_in[3] - gt_in[0] * gt_in[5]) * inv_det;
    4548          49 :     gt_out[3] = (-gt_in[1] * gt_in[3] + gt_in[0] * gt_in[4]) * inv_det;
    4549             : 
    4550          49 :     return 1;
    4551             : }
    4552             : 
    4553             : /************************************************************************/
    4554             : /*                      GDALSerializeTransformer()                      */
    4555             : /************************************************************************/
    4556             : 
    4557         267 : CPLXMLNode *GDALSerializeTransformer(GDALTransformerFunc /* pfnFunc */,
    4558             :                                      void *pTransformArg)
    4559             : {
    4560         267 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(pTransformArg, "GDALSerializeTransformer", nullptr);
    4561             : 
    4562         267 :     GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo =
    4563             :         static_cast<GDALTransformerInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    4564             : 
    4565         267 :     if (psInfo == nullptr || memcmp(psInfo->abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    4566             :                                     strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE)) != 0)
    4567             :     {
    4568           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4569             :                  "Attempt to serialize non-GTI2 transformer.");
    4570           0 :         return nullptr;
    4571             :     }
    4572         267 :     else if (psInfo->pfnSerialize == nullptr)
    4573             :     {
    4574           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4575             :                  "No serialization function available for this transformer.");
    4576           0 :         return nullptr;
    4577             :     }
    4578             : 
    4579         267 :     return psInfo->pfnSerialize(pTransformArg);
    4580             : }
    4581             : 
    4582             : /************************************************************************/
    4583             : /*                  GDALRegisterTransformDeserializer()                 */
    4584             : /************************************************************************/
    4585             : 
    4586             : static CPLList *psListDeserializer = nullptr;
    4587             : static CPLMutex *hDeserializerMutex = nullptr;
    4588             : 
    4589             : typedef struct
    4590             : {
    4591             :     char *pszTransformName;
    4592             :     GDALTransformerFunc pfnTransformerFunc;
    4593             :     GDALTransformDeserializeFunc pfnDeserializeFunc;
    4594             : } TransformDeserializerInfo;
    4595             : 
    4596           0 : void *GDALRegisterTransformDeserializer(
    4597             :     const char *pszTransformName, GDALTransformerFunc pfnTransformerFunc,
    4598             :     GDALTransformDeserializeFunc pfnDeserializeFunc)
    4599             : {
    4600             :     TransformDeserializerInfo *psInfo =
    4601             :         static_cast<TransformDeserializerInfo *>(
    4602           0 :             CPLMalloc(sizeof(TransformDeserializerInfo)));
    4603           0 :     psInfo->pszTransformName = CPLStrdup(pszTransformName);
    4604           0 :     psInfo->pfnTransformerFunc = pfnTransformerFunc;
    4605           0 :     psInfo->pfnDeserializeFunc = pfnDeserializeFunc;
    4606             : 
    4607           0 :     CPLMutexHolderD(&hDeserializerMutex);
    4608           0 :     psListDeserializer = CPLListInsert(psListDeserializer, psInfo, 0);
    4609             : 
    4610           0 :     return psInfo;
    4611             : }
    4612             : 
    4613             : /************************************************************************/
    4614             : /*                GDALUnregisterTransformDeserializer()                 */
    4615             : /************************************************************************/
    4616             : 
    4617           0 : void GDALUnregisterTransformDeserializer(void *pData)
    4618             : {
    4619           0 :     CPLMutexHolderD(&hDeserializerMutex);
    4620           0 :     CPLList *psList = psListDeserializer;
    4621           0 :     CPLList *psLast = nullptr;
    4622           0 :     while (psList)
    4623             :     {
    4624           0 :         if (psList->pData == pData)
    4625             :         {
    4626           0 :             TransformDeserializerInfo *psInfo =
    4627             :                 static_cast<TransformDeserializerInfo *>(pData);
    4628           0 :             CPLFree(psInfo->pszTransformName);
    4629           0 :             CPLFree(pData);
    4630           0 :             if (psLast)
    4631           0 :                 psLast->psNext = psList->psNext;
    4632             :             else
    4633           0 :                 psListDeserializer = nullptr;
    4634           0 :             CPLFree(psList);
    4635           0 :             break;
    4636             :         }
    4637           0 :         psLast = psList;
    4638           0 :         psList = psList->psNext;
    4639             :     }
    4640           0 : }
    4641             : 
    4642             : /************************************************************************/
    4643             : /*                GDALUnregisterTransformDeserializer()                 */
    4644             : /************************************************************************/
    4645             : 
    4646        1125 : void GDALCleanupTransformDeserializerMutex()
    4647             : {
    4648        1125 :     if (hDeserializerMutex != nullptr)
    4649             :     {
    4650           0 :         CPLDestroyMutex(hDeserializerMutex);
    4651           0 :         hDeserializerMutex = nullptr;
    4652             :     }
    4653        1125 : }
    4654             : 
    4655             : /************************************************************************/
    4656             : /*                     GDALDeserializeTransformer()                     */
    4657             : /************************************************************************/
    4658             : 
    4659         637 : CPLErr GDALDeserializeTransformer(CPLXMLNode *psTree,
    4660             :                                   GDALTransformerFunc *ppfnFunc,
    4661             :                                   void **ppTransformArg)
    4662             : 
    4663             : {
    4664         637 :     *ppfnFunc = nullptr;
    4665         637 :     *ppTransformArg = nullptr;
    4666             : 
    4667         637 :     CPLErrorReset();
    4668             : 
    4669         637 :     if (psTree == nullptr || psTree->eType != CXT_Element)
    4670           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4671             :                  "Malformed element in GDALDeserializeTransformer");
    4672         637 :     else if (EQUAL(psTree->pszValue, "GenImgProjTransformer"))
    4673             :     {
    4674         199 :         *ppfnFunc = GDALGenImgProjTransform;
    4675         199 :         *ppTransformArg = GDALDeserializeGenImgProjTransformer(psTree);
    4676             :     }
    4677         438 :     else if (EQUAL(psTree->pszValue, "ReprojectionTransformer"))
    4678             :     {
    4679         271 :         *ppfnFunc = GDALReprojectionTransform;
    4680         271 :         *ppTransformArg = GDALDeserializeReprojectionTransformer(psTree);
    4681             :     }
    4682         167 :     else if (EQUAL(psTree->pszValue, "GCPTransformer"))
    4683             :     {
    4684           5 :         *ppfnFunc = GDALGCPTransform;
    4685           5 :         *ppTransformArg = GDALDeserializeGCPTransformer(psTree);
    4686             :     }
    4687         162 :     else if (EQUAL(psTree->pszValue, "TPSTransformer"))
    4688             :     {
    4689           3 :         *ppfnFunc = GDALTPSTransform;
    4690           3 :         *ppTransformArg = GDALDeserializeTPSTransformer(psTree);
    4691             :     }
    4692         159 :     else if (EQUAL(psTree->pszValue, "GeoLocTransformer"))
    4693             :     {
    4694           1 :         *ppfnFunc = GDALGeoLocTransform;
    4695           1 :         *ppTransformArg = GDALDeserializeGeoLocTransformer(psTree);
    4696             :     }
    4697         158 :     else if (EQUAL(psTree->pszValue, "RPCTransformer"))
    4698             :     {
    4699           0 :         *ppfnFunc = GDALRPCTransform;
    4700           0 :         *ppTransformArg = GDALDeserializeRPCTransformer(psTree);
    4701             :     }
    4702         158 :     else if (EQUAL(psTree->pszValue, "ApproxTransformer"))
    4703             :     {
    4704         151 :         *ppfnFunc = GDALApproxTransform;
    4705         151 :         *ppTransformArg = GDALDeserializeApproxTransformer(psTree);
    4706             :     }
    4707           7 :     else if (EQUAL(psTree->pszValue, "HomographyTransformer"))
    4708             :     {
    4709           7 :         *ppfnFunc = GDALHomographyTransform;
    4710           7 :         *ppTransformArg = GDALDeserializeHomographyTransformer(psTree);
    4711             :     }
    4712             :     else
    4713             :     {
    4714           0 :         GDALTransformDeserializeFunc pfnDeserializeFunc = nullptr;
    4715             :         {
    4716           0 :             CPLMutexHolderD(&hDeserializerMutex);
    4717           0 :             CPLList *psList = psListDeserializer;
    4718           0 :             while (psList)
    4719             :             {
    4720           0 :                 TransformDeserializerInfo *psInfo =
    4721             :                     static_cast<TransformDeserializerInfo *>(psList->pData);
    4722           0 :                 if (strcmp(psInfo->pszTransformName, psTree->pszValue) == 0)
    4723             :                 {
    4724           0 :                     *ppfnFunc = psInfo->pfnTransformerFunc;
    4725           0 :                     pfnDeserializeFunc = psInfo->pfnDeserializeFunc;
    4726           0 :                     break;
    4727             :                 }
    4728           0 :                 psList = psList->psNext;
    4729             :             }
    4730             :         }
    4731             : 
    4732           0 :         if (pfnDeserializeFunc != nullptr)
    4733             :         {
    4734           0 :             *ppTransformArg = pfnDeserializeFunc(psTree);
    4735             :         }
    4736             :         else
    4737             :         {
    4738           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4739             :                      "Unrecognized element '%s' GDALDeserializeTransformer",
    4740             :                      psTree->pszValue);
    4741             :         }
    4742             :     }
    4743             : 
    4744         637 :     return CPLGetLastErrorType();
    4745             : }
    4746             : 
    4747             : /************************************************************************/
    4748             : /*                       GDALDestroyTransformer()                       */
    4749             : /************************************************************************/
    4750             : 
    4751        4377 : void GDALDestroyTransformer(void *pTransformArg)
    4752             : 
    4753             : {
    4754        4377 :     if (pTransformArg == nullptr)
    4755           0 :         return;
    4756             : 
    4757        4377 :     GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo =
    4758             :         static_cast<GDALTransformerInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    4759             : 
    4760        4377 :     if (memcmp(psInfo->abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    4761             :                strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE)) != 0)
    4762             :     {
    4763           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4764             :                  "Attempt to destroy non-GTI2 transformer.");
    4765           0 :         return;
    4766             :     }
    4767             : 
    4768        4377 :     psInfo->pfnCleanup(pTransformArg);
    4769             : }
    4770             : 
    4771             : /************************************************************************/
    4772             : /*                         GDALUseTransformer()                         */
    4773             : /************************************************************************/
    4774             : 
    4775        8683 : int GDALUseTransformer(void *pTransformArg, int bDstToSrc, int nPointCount,
    4776             :                        double *x, double *y, double *z, int *panSuccess)
    4777             : {
    4778        8683 :     GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo =
    4779             :         static_cast<GDALTransformerInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    4780             : 
    4781        8683 :     if (psInfo == nullptr || memcmp(psInfo->abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    4782             :                                     strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE)) != 0)
    4783             :     {
    4784           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4785             :                  "Attempt to use non-GTI2 transformer.");
    4786           0 :         return FALSE;
    4787             :     }
    4788             : 
    4789        8683 :     return psInfo->pfnTransform(pTransformArg, bDstToSrc, nPointCount, x, y, z,
    4790        8683 :                                 panSuccess);
    4791             : }
    4792             : 
    4793             : /************************************************************************/
    4794             : /*                        GDALCloneTransformer()                        */
    4795             : /************************************************************************/
    4796             : 
    4797         229 : void *GDALCloneTransformer(void *pTransformArg)
    4798             : {
    4799         229 :     GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo =
    4800             :         static_cast<GDALTransformerInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    4801             : 
    4802         229 :     if (psInfo == nullptr || memcmp(psInfo->abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    4803             :                                     strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE)) != 0)
    4804             :     {
    4805           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4806             :                  "Attempt to clone non-GTI2 transformer.");
    4807           0 :         return nullptr;
    4808             :     }
    4809             : 
    4810         229 :     if (psInfo->pfnCreateSimilar != nullptr)
    4811             :     {
    4812         123 :         return psInfo->pfnCreateSimilar(psInfo, 1.0, 1.0);
    4813             :     }
    4814             : 
    4815         106 :     if (psInfo->pfnSerialize == nullptr)
    4816             :     {
    4817           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4818             :                  "No serialization function available for this transformer.");
    4819           0 :         return nullptr;
    4820             :     }
    4821             : 
    4822         106 :     CPLXMLNode *pSerialized = psInfo->pfnSerialize(pTransformArg);
    4823         106 :     if (pSerialized == nullptr)
    4824           0 :         return nullptr;
    4825         106 :     GDALTransformerFunc pfnTransformer = nullptr;
    4826         106 :     void *pClonedTransformArg = nullptr;
    4827         106 :     if (GDALDeserializeTransformer(pSerialized, &pfnTransformer,
    4828         106 :                                    &pClonedTransformArg) != CE_None)
    4829             :     {
    4830           0 :         CPLDestroyXMLNode(pSerialized);
    4831           0 :         CPLFree(pClonedTransformArg);
    4832           0 :         return nullptr;
    4833             :     }
    4834             : 
    4835         106 :     CPLDestroyXMLNode(pSerialized);
    4836         106 :     return pClonedTransformArg;
    4837             : }
    4838             : 
    4839             : /************************************************************************/
    4840             : /*                   GDALCreateSimilarTransformer()                     */
    4841             : /************************************************************************/
    4842             : 
    4843         155 : void *GDALCreateSimilarTransformer(void *pTransformArg, double dfRatioX,
    4844             :                                    double dfRatioY)
    4845             : {
    4846         155 :     GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo =
    4847             :         static_cast<GDALTransformerInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    4848             : 
    4849         155 :     if (psInfo == nullptr || memcmp(psInfo->abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    4850             :                                     strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE)) != 0)
    4851             :     {
    4852           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4853             :                  "Attempt to call CreateSimilar on a non-GTI2 transformer.");
    4854           0 :         return nullptr;
    4855             :     }
    4856             : 
    4857         155 :     if (psInfo->pfnCreateSimilar == nullptr)
    4858             :     {
    4859           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4860             :                  "No CreateSimilar function available for this transformer.");
    4861           0 :         return nullptr;
    4862             :     }
    4863             : 
    4864         155 :     return psInfo->pfnCreateSimilar(psInfo, dfRatioX, dfRatioY);
    4865             : }
    4866             : 
    4867             : /************************************************************************/
    4868             : /*                      GetGenImgProjTransformInfo()                    */
    4869             : /************************************************************************/
    4870             : 
    4871          44 : static GDALTransformerInfo *GetGenImgProjTransformInfo(const char *pszFunc,
    4872             :                                                        void *pTransformArg)
    4873             : {
    4874          44 :     GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo =
    4875             :         static_cast<GDALTransformerInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    4876             : 
    4877          44 :     if (psInfo == nullptr || memcmp(psInfo->abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    4878             :                                     strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE)) != 0)
    4879             :     {
    4880           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4881             :                  "Attempt to call %s on "
    4882             :                  "a non-GTI2 transformer.",
    4883             :                  pszFunc);
    4884           0 :         return nullptr;
    4885             :     }
    4886             : 
    4887          44 :     if (EQUAL(psInfo->pszClassName, GDAL_APPROX_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    4888             :     {
    4889          14 :         GDALApproxTransformInfo *psATInfo =
    4890             :             static_cast<GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(pTransformArg);
    4891          14 :         psInfo = static_cast<GDALTransformerInfo *>(psATInfo->pBaseCBData);
    4892             : 
    4893          14 :         if (psInfo == nullptr ||
    4894          14 :             memcmp(psInfo->abySignature, GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE,
    4895             :                    strlen(GDAL_GTI2_SIGNATURE)) != 0)
    4896             :         {
    4897           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    4898             :                      "Attempt to call %s on "
    4899             :                      "a non-GTI2 transformer.",
    4900             :                      pszFunc);
    4901           0 :             return nullptr;
    4902             :         }
    4903             :     }
    4904             : 
    4905          44 :     if (EQUAL(psInfo->pszClassName, GDAL_GEN_IMG_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    4906             :     {
    4907          44 :         return psInfo;
    4908             :     }
    4909             : 
    4910           0 :     return nullptr;
    4911             : }
    4912             : 
    4913             : /************************************************************************/
    4914             : /*                 GDALSetTransformerDstGeoTransform()                  */
    4915             : /************************************************************************/
    4916             : 
    4917             : /**
    4918             :  * Set ApproxTransformer or GenImgProj output geotransform.
    4919             :  *
    4920             :  * This is a layer above GDALSetGenImgProjTransformerDstGeoTransform() that
    4921             :  * checks that the passed hTransformArg is compatible.
    4922             :  *
    4923             :  * Normally the "destination geotransform", or transformation between
    4924             :  * georeferenced output coordinates and pixel/line coordinates on the
    4925             :  * destination file is extracted from the destination file by
    4926             :  * GDALCreateGenImgProjTransformer() and stored in the GenImgProj private
    4927             :  * info.  However, sometimes it is inconvenient to have an output file
    4928             :  * handle with appropriate geotransform information when creating the
    4929             :  * transformation.  For these cases, this function can be used to apply
    4930             :  * the destination geotransform.
    4931             :  *
    4932             :  * @param pTransformArg the handle to update.
    4933             :  * @param padfGeoTransform the destination geotransform to apply (six doubles).
    4934             :  */
    4935             : 
    4936          22 : void GDALSetTransformerDstGeoTransform(void *pTransformArg,
    4937             :                                        const double *padfGeoTransform)
    4938             : {
    4939          22 :     VALIDATE_POINTER0(pTransformArg, "GDALSetTransformerDstGeoTransform");
    4940             : 
    4941          22 :     GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo = GetGenImgProjTransformInfo(
    4942             :         "GDALSetTransformerDstGeoTransform", pTransformArg);
    4943          22 :     if (psInfo)
    4944             :     {
    4945          22 :         GDALSetGenImgProjTransformerDstGeoTransform(psInfo, padfGeoTransform);
    4946             :     }
    4947             : }
    4948             : 
    4949             : /************************************************************************/
    4950             : /*                 GDALGetTransformerDstGeoTransform()                  */
    4951             : /************************************************************************/
    4952             : 
    4953             : /**
    4954             :  * Get ApproxTransformer or GenImgProj output geotransform.
    4955             :  *
    4956             :  * @param pTransformArg transformer handle.
    4957             :  * @param padfGeoTransform (output) the destination geotransform to return (six
    4958             :  * doubles).
    4959             :  */
    4960             : 
    4961          22 : void GDALGetTransformerDstGeoTransform(void *pTransformArg,
    4962             :                                        double *padfGeoTransform)
    4963             : {
    4964          22 :     VALIDATE_POINTER0(pTransformArg, "GDALGetTransformerDstGeoTransform");
    4965             : 
    4966          22 :     GDALTransformerInfo *psInfo = GetGenImgProjTransformInfo(
    4967             :         "GDALGetTransformerDstGeoTransform", pTransformArg);
    4968          22 :     if (psInfo)
    4969             :     {
    4970          22 :         GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *psGenImgProjInfo =
    4971             :             reinterpret_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(psInfo);
    4972             : 
    4973          22 :         memcpy(padfGeoTransform, psGenImgProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform,
    4974             :                sizeof(double) * 6);
    4975             :     }
    4976             : }
    4977             : 
    4978             : /************************************************************************/
    4979             : /*            GDALTransformIsTranslationOnPixelBoundaries()             */
    4980             : /************************************************************************/
    4981             : 
    4982        1623 : bool GDALTransformIsTranslationOnPixelBoundaries(GDALTransformerFunc,
    4983             :                                                  void *pTransformerArg)
    4984             : {
    4985        1623 :     if (GDALIsTransformer(pTransformerArg, GDAL_APPROX_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    4986             :     {
    4987        1293 :         const auto *pApproxInfo =
    4988             :             static_cast<const GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(pTransformerArg);
    4989        1293 :         pTransformerArg = pApproxInfo->pBaseCBData;
    4990             :     }
    4991        1623 :     if (GDALIsTransformer(pTransformerArg, GDAL_GEN_IMG_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    4992             :     {
    4993        1470 :         const auto *pGenImgpProjInfo =
    4994             :             static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(pTransformerArg);
    4995         478 :         const auto IsCloseToInteger = [](double dfVal)
    4996         478 :         { return std::fabs(dfVal - std::round(dfVal)) <= 1e-6; };
    4997        2861 :         return pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformArg == nullptr &&
    4998        1391 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg == nullptr &&
    4999        1389 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->pReproject == nullptr &&
    5000         542 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[1] ==
    5001         542 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[1] &&
    5002         291 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[5] ==
    5003         291 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[5] &&
    5004         257 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[2] ==
    5005         257 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[2] &&
    5006         257 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[4] ==
    5007         514 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[4] &&
    5008             :                // Check that the georeferenced origin of the destination
    5009             :                // geotransform is close to be an integer value when transformed
    5010             :                // to source image coordinates
    5011         257 :                IsCloseToInteger(
    5012         257 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfInvGeoTransform[0] +
    5013         257 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[0] *
    5014         257 :                        pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfInvGeoTransform[1] +
    5015         257 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[3] *
    5016        3118 :                        pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfInvGeoTransform[2]) &&
    5017         221 :                IsCloseToInteger(
    5018         221 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfInvGeoTransform[3] +
    5019         221 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[0] *
    5020         221 :                        pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfInvGeoTransform[4] +
    5021         221 :                    pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[3] *
    5022        1691 :                        pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfInvGeoTransform[5]);
    5023             :     }
    5024         153 :     return false;
    5025             : }
    5026             : 
    5027             : /************************************************************************/
    5028             : /*                   GDALTransformIsAffineNoRotation()                  */
    5029             : /************************************************************************/
    5030             : 
    5031          18 : bool GDALTransformIsAffineNoRotation(GDALTransformerFunc, void *pTransformerArg)
    5032             : {
    5033          18 :     if (GDALIsTransformer(pTransformerArg, GDAL_APPROX_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    5034             :     {
    5035          18 :         const auto *pApproxInfo =
    5036             :             static_cast<const GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(pTransformerArg);
    5037          18 :         pTransformerArg = pApproxInfo->pBaseCBData;
    5038             :     }
    5039          18 :     if (GDALIsTransformer(pTransformerArg, GDAL_GEN_IMG_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    5040             :     {
    5041          18 :         const auto *pGenImgpProjInfo =
    5042             :             static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(pTransformerArg);
    5043          36 :         return pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformArg == nullptr &&
    5044          18 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg == nullptr &&
    5045          18 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->pReproject == nullptr &&
    5046           8 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[2] == 0 &&
    5047           8 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.adfGeoTransform[4] == 0 &&
    5048          44 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[2] == 0 &&
    5049          26 :                pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.adfGeoTransform[4] == 0;
    5050             :     }
    5051           0 :     return false;
    5052             : }
    5053             : 
    5054             : /************************************************************************/
    5055             : /*                        GDALTransformHasFastClone()                   */
    5056             : /************************************************************************/
    5057             : 
    5058             : /** Returns whether GDALCloneTransformer() on this transformer is
    5059             :  * "fast"
    5060             :  * Counter-examples are GCPs or TPSs transformers.
    5061             :  */
    5062           2 : bool GDALTransformHasFastClone(void *pTransformerArg)
    5063             : {
    5064           2 :     if (GDALIsTransformer(pTransformerArg, GDAL_APPROX_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    5065             :     {
    5066           1 :         const auto *pApproxInfo =
    5067             :             static_cast<const GDALApproxTransformInfo *>(pTransformerArg);
    5068           1 :         pTransformerArg = pApproxInfo->pBaseCBData;
    5069             :         // Fallback to next lines
    5070             :     }
    5071             : 
    5072           2 :     if (GDALIsTransformer(pTransformerArg, GDAL_GEN_IMG_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    5073             :     {
    5074           2 :         const auto *pGenImgpProjInfo =
    5075             :             static_cast<GDALGenImgProjTransformInfo *>(pTransformerArg);
    5076           2 :         return (pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformArg == nullptr ||
    5077           0 :                 GDALTransformHasFastClone(
    5078           4 :                     pGenImgpProjInfo->sSrcParams.pTransformArg)) &&
    5079           2 :                (pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg == nullptr ||
    5080           0 :                 GDALTransformHasFastClone(
    5081           2 :                     pGenImgpProjInfo->sDstParams.pTransformArg));
    5082             :     }
    5083           0 :     else if (GDALIsTransformer(pTransformerArg,
    5084             :                                GDAL_RPC_TRANSFORMER_CLASS_NAME))
    5085             :     {
    5086           0 :         return true;
    5087             :     }
    5088             :     else
    5089             :     {
    5090           0 :         return false;
    5091             :     }
    5092             : }

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