LCOV - code coverage report
Current view: top level - ogr - ogrct.cpp (source / functions) Hit Total Coverage
Test: gdal_filtered.info Lines: 1097 1433 76.6 %
Date: 2025-10-21 22:35:35 Functions: 81 88 92.0 %

          Line data    Source code
       1             : /******************************************************************************
       2             :  *
       3             :  * Project:  OpenGIS Simple Features Reference Implementation
       4             :  * Purpose:  The OGRSCoordinateTransformation class.
       5             :  * Author:   Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
       6             :  *
       7             :  ******************************************************************************
       8             :  * Copyright (c) 2000, Frank Warmerdam
       9             :  * Copyright (c) 2008-2013, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
      10             :  *
      11             :  * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
      12             :  ****************************************************************************/
      13             : 
      14             : #include "cpl_port.h"
      15             : #include "ogr_spatialref.h"
      16             : 
      17             : #include <algorithm>
      18             : #include <cassert>
      19             : #include <cmath>
      20             : #include <cstring>
      21             : #include <limits>
      22             : #include <list>
      23             : #include <mutex>
      24             : 
      25             : #include "cpl_conv.h"
      26             : #include "cpl_error.h"
      27             : #include "cpl_mem_cache.h"
      28             : #include "cpl_string.h"
      29             : #include "ogr_core.h"
      30             : #include "ogr_srs_api.h"
      31             : #include "ogr_proj_p.h"
      32             : #include "ogrct_priv.h"
      33             : 
      34             : #include "proj.h"
      35             : #include "proj_experimental.h"
      36             : 
      37             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
      38             : static double g_dfTotalTimeCRStoCRS = 0;
      39             : static double g_dfTotalTimeReprojection = 0;
      40             : 
      41             : /************************************************************************/
      42             : /*                        CPLGettimeofday()                             */
      43             : /************************************************************************/
      44             : 
      45             : #if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
      46             : #include <sys/timeb.h>
      47             : 
      48             : namespace
      49             : {
      50             : struct CPLTimeVal
      51             : {
      52             :     time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
      53             :     long tv_usec;  /* and microseconds */
      54             : };
      55             : }  // namespace
      56             : 
      57             : static void CPLGettimeofday(struct CPLTimeVal *tp, void * /* timezonep*/)
      58             : {
      59             :     struct _timeb theTime;
      60             : 
      61             :     _ftime(&theTime);
      62             :     tp->tv_sec = static_cast<time_t>(theTime.time);
      63             :     tp->tv_usec = theTime.millitm * 1000;
      64             : }
      65             : #else
      66             : #include <sys/time.h> /* for gettimeofday() */
      67             : #define CPLTimeVal timeval
      68             : #define CPLGettimeofday(t, u) gettimeofday(t, u)
      69             : #endif
      70             : 
      71             : #endif  // DEBUG_PERF
      72             : 
      73             : // Cache of OGRProjCT objects
      74             : static std::mutex g_oCTCacheMutex;
      75             : class OGRProjCT;
      76             : typedef std::string CTCacheKey;
      77             : typedef std::unique_ptr<OGRProjCT> CTCacheValue;
      78             : static lru11::Cache<CTCacheKey, CTCacheValue> *g_poCTCache = nullptr;
      79             : 
      80             : /************************************************************************/
      81             : /*             OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private              */
      82             : /************************************************************************/
      83             : 
      84        4282 : struct OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private
      85             : {
      86             :     bool bHasAreaOfInterest = false;
      87             :     double dfWestLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
      88             :     double dfSouthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
      89             :     double dfEastLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
      90             :     double dfNorthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
      91             : 
      92             :     CPLString osCoordOperation{};
      93             :     bool bReverseCO = false;
      94             : 
      95             :     bool bAllowBallpark = true;
      96             :     double dfAccuracy = -1;  // no constraint
      97             : 
      98             :     bool bOnlyBest = false;
      99             :     bool bOnlyBestOptionSet = false;
     100             : 
     101             :     bool bHasSourceCenterLong = false;
     102             :     double dfSourceCenterLong = 0.0;
     103             : 
     104             :     bool bHasTargetCenterLong = false;
     105             :     double dfTargetCenterLong = 0.0;
     106             : 
     107             :     bool bCheckWithInvertProj = false;
     108             : 
     109             :     Private();
     110        1662 :     Private(const Private &) = default;
     111             :     Private(Private &&) = default;
     112             :     Private &operator=(const Private &) = default;
     113             :     Private &operator=(Private &&) = default;
     114             : 
     115             :     std::string GetKey() const;
     116             :     void RefreshCheckWithInvertProj();
     117             : };
     118             : 
     119             : /************************************************************************/
     120             : /*                              Private()                               */
     121             : /************************************************************************/
     122             : 
     123        8961 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private::Private()
     124             : {
     125        8960 :     RefreshCheckWithInvertProj();
     126        8961 : }
     127             : 
     128             : /************************************************************************/
     129             : /*                              GetKey()                                */
     130             : /************************************************************************/
     131             : 
     132        8454 : std::string OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private::GetKey() const
     133             : {
     134        8454 :     std::string ret;
     135        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bHasAreaOfInterest));
     136        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(dfWestLongitudeDeg);
     137        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(dfSouthLatitudeDeg);
     138        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(dfEastLongitudeDeg);
     139        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
     140        8454 :     ret += osCoordOperation;
     141        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bReverseCO));
     142        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bAllowBallpark));
     143        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(dfAccuracy);
     144        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bOnlyBestOptionSet));
     145        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bOnlyBest));
     146        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bHasSourceCenterLong));
     147        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(dfSourceCenterLong);
     148        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bHasTargetCenterLong));
     149        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(dfTargetCenterLong);
     150        8454 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bCheckWithInvertProj));
     151        8454 :     return ret;
     152             : }
     153             : 
     154             : /************************************************************************/
     155             : /*                       RefreshCheckWithInvertProj()                   */
     156             : /************************************************************************/
     157             : 
     158       10583 : void OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private::RefreshCheckWithInvertProj()
     159             : {
     160       10585 :     bCheckWithInvertProj =
     161       10583 :         CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ", "NO"));
     162       10585 : }
     163             : 
     164             : /************************************************************************/
     165             : /*                       GetAsAProjRecognizableString()                 */
     166             : /************************************************************************/
     167             : 
     168        2357 : static char *GetAsAProjRecognizableString(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
     169             : {
     170        2357 :     CPLErrorStateBackuper oErrorStateBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
     171             :     // If there's a PROJ4 EXTENSION node in WKT1, then use
     172             :     // it. For example when dealing with "+proj=longlat +lon_wrap=180"
     173        2357 :     char *pszText = nullptr;
     174        2357 :     if (poSRS->GetExtension(nullptr, "PROJ4", nullptr))
     175             :     {
     176          15 :         poSRS->exportToProj4(&pszText);
     177          15 :         if (strstr(pszText, " +type=crs") == nullptr)
     178             :         {
     179          30 :             auto tmpText = std::string(pszText) + " +type=crs";
     180          15 :             CPLFree(pszText);
     181          15 :             pszText = CPLStrdup(tmpText.c_str());
     182             :         }
     183             :     }
     184        2342 :     else if (poSRS->IsEmpty())
     185             :     {
     186           3 :         pszText = CPLStrdup("");
     187             :     }
     188             :     else
     189             :     {
     190             :         // We export to PROJJSON rather than WKT2:2019 because PROJJSON
     191             :         // is a bit more verbose, which helps in situations like
     192             :         // https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/issues/9732 /
     193             :         // https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/pull/4124 where we want to export
     194             :         // a DerivedProjectedCRS whose base ProjectedCRS has non-metre axis.
     195        2339 :         poSRS->exportToPROJJSON(&pszText, nullptr);
     196             :     }
     197             : 
     198        4714 :     return pszText;
     199             : }
     200             : 
     201             : /************************************************************************/
     202             : /*                        GetTextRepresentation()                       */
     203             : /************************************************************************/
     204             : 
     205        9657 : static char *GetTextRepresentation(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
     206             : {
     207        7302 :     const auto CanUseAuthorityDef = [](const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS1,
     208             :                                        OGRSpatialReference *poSRSFromAuth,
     209             :                                        const char *pszAuth)
     210             :     {
     211       14517 :         if (EQUAL(pszAuth, "EPSG") &&
     212        7215 :             CPLTestBool(
     213             :                 CPLGetConfigOption("OSR_CT_USE_DEFAULT_EPSG_TOWGS84", "NO")))
     214             :         {
     215             :             // We don't want by default to honour 'default' TOWGS84 terms that
     216             :             // come with the EPSG code because there might be a better
     217             :             // transformation from that Typical case if EPSG:31468 "DHDN /
     218             :             // 3-degree Gauss-Kruger zone 4" where the DHDN->TOWGS84
     219             :             // transformation can use the BETA2007.gsb grid instead of
     220             :             // TOWGS84[598.1,73.7,418.2,0.202,0.045,-2.455,6.7] But if the user
     221             :             // really wants it, it can set the OSR_CT_USE_DEFAULT_EPSG_TOWGS84
     222             :             // configuration option to YES
     223             :             double adfTOWGS84_1[7];
     224             :             double adfTOWGS84_2[7];
     225             : 
     226           4 :             poSRSFromAuth->AddGuessedTOWGS84();
     227             : 
     228           4 :             if (poSRS1->GetTOWGS84(adfTOWGS84_1) == OGRERR_NONE &&
     229           6 :                 poSRSFromAuth->GetTOWGS84(adfTOWGS84_2) == OGRERR_NONE &&
     230           2 :                 memcmp(adfTOWGS84_1, adfTOWGS84_2, sizeof(adfTOWGS84_1)) == 0)
     231             :             {
     232           2 :                 return false;
     233             :             }
     234             :         }
     235        7300 :         return true;
     236             :     };
     237             : 
     238        9657 :     char *pszText = nullptr;
     239             :     // If we have a AUTH:CODE attached, use it to retrieve the full
     240             :     // definition in case a trip to WKT1 has lost the area of use.
     241             :     // unless OGR_CT_PREFER_OFFICIAL_SRS_DEF=NO (see
     242             :     // https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2955)
     243        9657 :     const char *pszAuth = poSRS->GetAuthorityName(nullptr);
     244        9657 :     const char *pszCode = poSRS->GetAuthorityCode(nullptr);
     245       17010 :     if (pszAuth && pszCode &&
     246        7353 :         CPLTestBool(
     247             :             CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_PREFER_OFFICIAL_SRS_DEF", "YES")))
     248             :     {
     249       14706 :         CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
     250             : 
     251       14706 :         CPLString osAuthCode(pszAuth);
     252        7353 :         osAuthCode += ':';
     253        7353 :         osAuthCode += pszCode;
     254       14706 :         OGRSpatialReference oTmpSRS;
     255        7353 :         if (oTmpSRS.SetFromUserInput(osAuthCode) == OGRERR_NONE)
     256             :         {
     257        7340 :             const char *pszAuthAfter = oTmpSRS.GetAuthorityName(nullptr);
     258        7340 :             const char *pszCodeAfter = oTmpSRS.GetAuthorityCode(nullptr);
     259        7340 :             if (pszAuthAfter && pszCodeAfter && EQUAL(pszAuthAfter, pszAuth) &&
     260        7339 :                 EQUAL(pszCodeAfter, pszCode))
     261             :             {
     262        7339 :                 oTmpSRS.SetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping(
     263             :                     poSRS->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping());
     264        7339 :                 const char *const apszOptionsIsSame[] = {"CRITERION=EQUIVALENT",
     265             :                                                          nullptr};
     266        7339 :                 if (oTmpSRS.IsSame(poSRS, apszOptionsIsSame))
     267             :                 {
     268        7302 :                     if (CanUseAuthorityDef(poSRS, &oTmpSRS, pszAuth))
     269             :                     {
     270        7300 :                         pszText = CPLStrdup(osAuthCode);
     271             :                     }
     272             :                 }
     273             :             }
     274             :         }
     275             :     }
     276        9657 :     if (pszText == nullptr)
     277             :     {
     278        2357 :         pszText = GetAsAProjRecognizableString(poSRS);
     279             :     }
     280        9657 :     return pszText;
     281             : }
     282             : 
     283             : /************************************************************************/
     284             : /*                  OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()                */
     285             : /************************************************************************/
     286             : 
     287             : /** \brief Constructs a new OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions.
     288             :  *
     289             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     290             :  */
     291        8961 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()
     292        8961 :     : d(new Private())
     293             : {
     294        8961 : }
     295             : 
     296             : /************************************************************************/
     297             : /*                  OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()                */
     298             : /************************************************************************/
     299             : 
     300             : /** \brief Copy constructor
     301             :  *
     302             :  * @since GDAL 3.1
     303             :  */
     304        1663 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions(
     305        1663 :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &other)
     306        1663 :     : d(new Private(*(other.d)))
     307             : {
     308        1662 : }
     309             : 
     310             : /************************************************************************/
     311             : /*                          operator =()                                */
     312             : /************************************************************************/
     313             : 
     314             : /** \brief Assignment operator
     315             :  *
     316             :  * @since GDAL 3.1
     317             :  */
     318             : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &
     319        4282 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::operator=(
     320             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &other)
     321             : {
     322        4282 :     if (this != &other)
     323             :     {
     324        4282 :         *d = *(other.d);
     325             :     }
     326        4281 :     return *this;
     327             : }
     328             : 
     329             : /************************************************************************/
     330             : /*                  OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()                */
     331             : /************************************************************************/
     332             : 
     333             : /** \brief Destroys a OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions.
     334             :  *
     335             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     336             :  */
     337       10032 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::~OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()
     338             : {
     339       10033 : }
     340             : 
     341             : /************************************************************************/
     342             : /*                   OCTNewCoordinateTransformationOptions()            */
     343             : /************************************************************************/
     344             : 
     345             : /** \brief Create coordinate transformation options.
     346             :  *
     347             :  * To be freed with OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformationOptions()
     348             :  *
     349             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     350             :  */
     351          13 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH OCTNewCoordinateTransformationOptions(void)
     352             : {
     353          13 :     return new OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions();
     354             : }
     355             : 
     356             : /************************************************************************/
     357             : /*                  OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformationOptions()         */
     358             : /************************************************************************/
     359             : 
     360             : /** \brief Destroy coordinate transformation options.
     361             :  *
     362             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     363             :  */
     364          11 : void OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformationOptions(
     365             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions)
     366             : {
     367          11 :     delete hOptions;
     368          11 : }
     369             : 
     370             : /************************************************************************/
     371             : /*                        SetAreaOfInterest()                           */
     372             : /************************************************************************/
     373             : 
     374             : /** \brief Sets an area of interest.
     375             :  *
     376             :  * The west longitude is generally lower than the east longitude, except for
     377             :  * areas of interest that go across the anti-meridian.
     378             :  *
     379             :  * @param dfWestLongitudeDeg West longitude (in degree). Must be in [-180,180]
     380             :  * @param dfSouthLatitudeDeg South latitude (in degree). Must be in [-90,90]
     381             :  * @param dfEastLongitudeDeg East longitude (in degree). Must be in [-180,180]
     382             :  * @param dfNorthLatitudeDeg North latitude (in degree). Must be in [-90,90]
     383             :  * @return true in case of success.
     384             :  *
     385             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     386             :  */
     387        1111 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetAreaOfInterest(
     388             :     double dfWestLongitudeDeg, double dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
     389             :     double dfEastLongitudeDeg, double dfNorthLatitudeDeg)
     390             : {
     391        1111 :     if (std::fabs(dfWestLongitudeDeg) > 180)
     392             :     {
     393           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid dfWestLongitudeDeg");
     394           1 :         return false;
     395             :     }
     396        1110 :     if (std::fabs(dfSouthLatitudeDeg) > 90)
     397             :     {
     398           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid dfSouthLatitudeDeg");
     399           1 :         return false;
     400             :     }
     401        1109 :     if (std::fabs(dfEastLongitudeDeg) > 180)
     402             :     {
     403           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid dfEastLongitudeDeg");
     404           1 :         return false;
     405             :     }
     406        1108 :     if (std::fabs(dfNorthLatitudeDeg) > 90)
     407             :     {
     408           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid dfNorthLatitudeDeg");
     409           1 :         return false;
     410             :     }
     411        1107 :     if (dfSouthLatitudeDeg > dfNorthLatitudeDeg)
     412             :     {
     413           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
     414             :                  "dfSouthLatitudeDeg should be lower than dfNorthLatitudeDeg");
     415           0 :         return false;
     416             :     }
     417        1107 :     d->bHasAreaOfInterest = true;
     418        1107 :     d->dfWestLongitudeDeg = dfWestLongitudeDeg;
     419        1107 :     d->dfSouthLatitudeDeg = dfSouthLatitudeDeg;
     420        1107 :     d->dfEastLongitudeDeg = dfEastLongitudeDeg;
     421        1107 :     d->dfNorthLatitudeDeg = dfNorthLatitudeDeg;
     422        1107 :     return true;
     423             : }
     424             : 
     425             : /************************************************************************/
     426             : /*           OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetAreaOfInterest()      */
     427             : /************************************************************************/
     428             : 
     429             : /** \brief Sets an area of interest.
     430             :  *
     431             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetAreaOfInterest()
     432             :  *
     433             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     434             :  */
     435           5 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetAreaOfInterest(
     436             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, double dfWestLongitudeDeg,
     437             :     double dfSouthLatitudeDeg, double dfEastLongitudeDeg,
     438             :     double dfNorthLatitudeDeg)
     439             : {
     440           5 :     return hOptions->SetAreaOfInterest(dfWestLongitudeDeg, dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
     441           5 :                                        dfEastLongitudeDeg, dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
     442             : }
     443             : 
     444             : /************************************************************************/
     445             : /*                        SetCoordinateOperation()                      */
     446             : /************************************************************************/
     447             : 
     448             : /** \brief Sets a coordinate operation.
     449             :  *
     450             :  * This is a user override to be used instead of the normally computed pipeline.
     451             :  *
     452             :  * The pipeline must take into account the axis order of the source and target
     453             :  * SRS.
     454             :  *
     455             :  * The pipeline may be provided as a PROJ string (single step operation or
     456             :  * multiple step string starting with +proj=pipeline), a WKT2 string describing
     457             :  * a CoordinateOperation, or a "urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::XXXX" URN
     458             :  *
     459             :  * @param pszCO PROJ or WKT string describing a coordinate operation
     460             :  * @param bReverseCO Whether the PROJ or WKT string should be evaluated in the
     461             :  * reverse path
     462             :  * @return true in case of success.
     463             :  *
     464             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     465             :  */
     466          22 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetCoordinateOperation(
     467             :     const char *pszCO, bool bReverseCO)
     468             : {
     469          22 :     d->osCoordOperation = pszCO ? pszCO : "";
     470          22 :     d->bReverseCO = bReverseCO;
     471          22 :     return true;
     472             : }
     473             : 
     474             : /************************************************************************/
     475             : /*                         SetSourceCenterLong()                        */
     476             : /************************************************************************/
     477             : 
     478             : /*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
     479         798 : void OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetSourceCenterLong(
     480             :     double dfCenterLong)
     481             : {
     482         798 :     d->dfSourceCenterLong = dfCenterLong;
     483         798 :     d->bHasSourceCenterLong = true;
     484         798 : }
     485             : 
     486             : /*! @endcond */
     487             : 
     488             : /************************************************************************/
     489             : /*                         SetTargetCenterLong()                        */
     490             : /************************************************************************/
     491             : 
     492             : /*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
     493           0 : void OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetTargetCenterLong(
     494             :     double dfCenterLong)
     495             : {
     496           0 :     d->dfTargetCenterLong = dfCenterLong;
     497           0 :     d->bHasTargetCenterLong = true;
     498           0 : }
     499             : 
     500             : /*! @endcond */
     501             : 
     502             : /************************************************************************/
     503             : /*            OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetOperation()          */
     504             : /************************************************************************/
     505             : 
     506             : /** \brief Sets a coordinate operation.
     507             :  *
     508             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetCoordinateTransformation()
     509             :  *
     510             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     511             :  */
     512           8 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetOperation(
     513             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, const char *pszCO,
     514             :     int bReverseCO)
     515             : {
     516             :     // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
     517           8 :     return hOptions->SetCoordinateOperation(pszCO, CPL_TO_BOOL(bReverseCO));
     518             : }
     519             : 
     520             : /************************************************************************/
     521             : /*                         SetDesiredAccuracy()                         */
     522             : /************************************************************************/
     523             : 
     524             : /** \brief Sets the desired accuracy for coordinate operations.
     525             :  *
     526             :  * Only coordinate operations that offer an accuracy of at least the one
     527             :  * specified will be considered.
     528             :  *
     529             :  * An accuracy of 0 is valid and means a coordinate operation made only of one
     530             :  * or several conversions (map projections, unit conversion, etc.) Operations
     531             :  * involving ballpark transformations have a unknown accuracy, and will be
     532             :  * filtered out by any dfAccuracy >= 0 value.
     533             :  *
     534             :  * If this option is specified with PROJ < 8, the OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION
     535             :  * configuration option will default to BEST_ACCURACY.
     536             :  *
     537             :  * @param dfAccuracy accuracy in meters (or a negative value to disable this
     538             :  * filter)
     539             :  *
     540             :  * @since GDAL 3.3
     541             :  */
     542           2 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetDesiredAccuracy(double dfAccuracy)
     543             : {
     544           2 :     d->dfAccuracy = dfAccuracy;
     545           2 :     return true;
     546             : }
     547             : 
     548             : /************************************************************************/
     549             : /*        OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetDesiredAccuracy()        */
     550             : /************************************************************************/
     551             : 
     552             : /** \brief Sets the desired accuracy for coordinate operations.
     553             :  *
     554             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetDesiredAccuracy()
     555             :  *
     556             :  * @since GDAL 3.3
     557             :  */
     558           2 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetDesiredAccuracy(
     559             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, double dfAccuracy)
     560             : {
     561             :     // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
     562           2 :     return hOptions->SetDesiredAccuracy(dfAccuracy);
     563             : }
     564             : 
     565             : /************************************************************************/
     566             : /*                       SetBallparkAllowed()                           */
     567             : /************************************************************************/
     568             : 
     569             : /** \brief Sets whether ballpark transformations are allowed.
     570             :  *
     571             :  * By default, PROJ may generate "ballpark transformations" (see
     572             :  * https://proj.org/glossary.html) when precise datum transformations are
     573             :  * missing. For high accuracy use cases, such transformations might not be
     574             :  * allowed.
     575             :  *
     576             :  * If this option is specified with PROJ < 8, the OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION
     577             :  * configuration option will default to BEST_ACCURACY.
     578             :  *
     579             :  * @param bAllowBallpark false to disable the user of ballpark transformations
     580             :  *
     581             :  * @since GDAL 3.3
     582             :  */
     583        1172 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetBallparkAllowed(bool bAllowBallpark)
     584             : {
     585        1172 :     d->bAllowBallpark = bAllowBallpark;
     586        1172 :     return true;
     587             : }
     588             : 
     589             : /************************************************************************/
     590             : /*        OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetBallparkAllowed()        */
     591             : /************************************************************************/
     592             : 
     593             : /** \brief Sets whether ballpark transformations are allowed.
     594             :  *
     595             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetDesiredAccuracy()
     596             :  *
     597             :  * @since GDAL 3.3 and PROJ 8
     598             :  */
     599           2 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetBallparkAllowed(
     600             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, int bAllowBallpark)
     601             : {
     602             :     // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
     603           2 :     return hOptions->SetBallparkAllowed(CPL_TO_BOOL(bAllowBallpark));
     604             : }
     605             : 
     606             : /************************************************************************/
     607             : /*                         SetOnlyBest()                                */
     608             : /************************************************************************/
     609             : 
     610             : /** \brief Sets whether only the "best" operation should be used.
     611             :  *
     612             :  * By default (at least in the PROJ 9.x series), PROJ may use coordinate
     613             :  * operations that are not the "best" if resources (typically grids) needed
     614             :  * to use them are missing. It will then fallback to other coordinate operations
     615             :  * that have a lesser accuracy, for example using Helmert transformations,
     616             :  * or in the absence of such operations, to ones with potential very rough
     617             :  * accuracy, using "ballpark" transformations
     618             :  * (see https://proj.org/glossary.html).
     619             :  *
     620             :  * When calling this method with bOnlyBest = true, PROJ will only consider the
     621             :  * "best" operation, and error out (at Transform() time) if they cannot be
     622             :  * used.
     623             :  * This method may be used together with SetBallparkAllowed(false) to
     624             :  * only allow best operations that have a known accuracy.
     625             :  *
     626             :  * Note that this method has no effect on PROJ versions before 9.2.
     627             :  *
     628             :  * The default value for this option can be also set with the
     629             :  * PROJ_ONLY_BEST_DEFAULT environment variable, or with the "only_best_default"
     630             :  * setting of proj.ini. Calling SetOnlyBest() overrides such default value.
     631             :  *
     632             :  * @param bOnlyBest set to true to ask PROJ to use only the best operation(s)
     633             :  *
     634             :  * @since GDAL 3.8 and PROJ 9.2
     635             :  */
     636           1 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetOnlyBest(bool bOnlyBest)
     637             : {
     638           1 :     d->bOnlyBest = bOnlyBest;
     639           1 :     d->bOnlyBestOptionSet = true;
     640           1 :     return true;
     641             : }
     642             : 
     643             : /************************************************************************/
     644             : /*        OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetOnlyBest()               */
     645             : /************************************************************************/
     646             : 
     647             : /** \brief Sets whether only the "best" operation(s) should be used.
     648             :  *
     649             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetOnlyBest()
     650             :  *
     651             :  * @since GDAL 3.8 and PROJ 9.2
     652             :  */
     653           0 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetOnlyBest(
     654             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, bool bOnlyBest)
     655             : {
     656             :     // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
     657           0 :     return hOptions->SetOnlyBest(bOnlyBest);
     658             : }
     659             : 
     660             : /************************************************************************/
     661             : /*                              OGRProjCT                               */
     662             : /************************************************************************/
     663             : 
     664             : //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
     665             : class OGRProjCT final : public OGRCoordinateTransformation
     666             : {
     667             :     friend void
     668             :     OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStart(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT);
     669             :     friend void
     670             :     OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStop(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT);
     671             :     friend bool
     672             :     OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsUsed(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT);
     673             : 
     674             :     class PjPtr
     675             :     {
     676             :         PJ *m_pj = nullptr;
     677             : 
     678        7821 :         void reset()
     679             :         {
     680        7821 :             if (m_pj)
     681             :             {
     682        3543 :                 proj_assign_context(m_pj, OSRGetProjTLSContext());
     683        3543 :                 proj_destroy(m_pj);
     684             :             }
     685        7821 :         }
     686             : 
     687             :       public:
     688        4283 :         PjPtr() : m_pj(nullptr)
     689             :         {
     690        4283 :         }
     691             : 
     692           0 :         explicit PjPtr(PJ *pjIn) : m_pj(pjIn)
     693             :         {
     694           0 :         }
     695             : 
     696        3722 :         ~PjPtr()
     697        3722 :         {
     698        3722 :             reset();
     699        3722 :         }
     700             : 
     701          27 :         PjPtr(const PjPtr &other)
     702          27 :             : m_pj((other.m_pj != nullptr)
     703          27 :                        ? (proj_clone(OSRGetProjTLSContext(), other.m_pj))
     704          27 :                        : (nullptr))
     705             :         {
     706          27 :         }
     707             : 
     708             :         PjPtr(PjPtr &&other) : m_pj(other.m_pj)
     709             :         {
     710             :             other.m_pj = nullptr;
     711             :         }
     712             : 
     713             :         PjPtr &operator=(const PjPtr &other)
     714             :         {
     715             :             if (this != &other)
     716             :             {
     717             :                 reset();
     718             :                 m_pj = (other.m_pj != nullptr)
     719             :                            ? (proj_clone(OSRGetProjTLSContext(), other.m_pj))
     720             :                            : (nullptr);
     721             :             }
     722             :             return *this;
     723             :         }
     724             : 
     725        4121 :         PjPtr &operator=(PJ *pjIn)
     726             :         {
     727        4121 :             if (m_pj != pjIn)
     728             :             {
     729        4100 :                 reset();
     730        4099 :                 m_pj = pjIn;
     731             :             }
     732        4120 :             return *this;
     733             :         }
     734             : 
     735     2098470 :         operator PJ *()
     736             :         {
     737     2098470 :             return m_pj;
     738             :         }
     739             : 
     740        3127 :         operator const PJ *() const
     741             :         {
     742        3127 :             return m_pj;
     743             :         }
     744             :     };
     745             : 
     746             :     OGRSpatialReference *poSRSSource = nullptr;
     747             :     OGRAxisOrientation m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient = OAO_Other;
     748             :     bool bSourceLatLong = false;
     749             :     bool bSourceWrap = false;
     750             :     double dfSourceWrapLong = 0.0;
     751             :     bool bSourceIsDynamicCRS = false;
     752             :     double dfSourceCoordinateEpoch = 0.0;
     753             :     std::string m_osSrcSRS{};  // WKT, PROJ4 or AUTH:CODE
     754             : 
     755             :     OGRSpatialReference *poSRSTarget = nullptr;
     756             :     OGRAxisOrientation m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient = OAO_Other;
     757             :     bool bTargetLatLong = false;
     758             :     bool bTargetWrap = false;
     759             :     double dfTargetWrapLong = 0.0;
     760             :     bool bTargetIsDynamicCRS = false;
     761             :     double dfTargetCoordinateEpoch = 0.0;
     762             :     std::string m_osTargetSRS{};  // WKT, PROJ4 or AUTH:CODE
     763             : 
     764             :     bool bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat = false;
     765             : 
     766             :     size_t nErrorCount = 0;
     767             : 
     768             :     double dfThreshold = 0.0;
     769             : 
     770             :     PjPtr m_pj{};
     771             :     bool m_bReversePj = false;
     772             : 
     773             :     bool m_bEmitErrors = true;
     774             : 
     775             :     bool bNoTransform = false;
     776             : 
     777             :     enum class Strategy
     778             :     {
     779             :         PROJ,
     780             :         BEST_ACCURACY,
     781             :         FIRST_MATCHING
     782             :     };
     783             :     Strategy m_eStrategy = Strategy::PROJ;
     784             : 
     785             :     bool
     786             :     ListCoordinateOperations(const char *pszSrcSRS, const char *pszTargetSRS,
     787             :                              const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options);
     788             : 
     789             :     struct Transformation
     790             :     {
     791             :         double minx = 0.0;
     792             :         double miny = 0.0;
     793             :         double maxx = 0.0;
     794             :         double maxy = 0.0;
     795             :         PjPtr pj{};
     796             :         CPLString osName{};
     797             :         CPLString osProjString{};
     798             :         double accuracy = 0.0;
     799             : 
     800           0 :         Transformation(double minxIn, double minyIn, double maxxIn,
     801             :                        double maxyIn, PJ *pjIn, const CPLString &osNameIn,
     802             :                        const CPLString &osProjStringIn, double accuracyIn)
     803           0 :             : minx(minxIn), miny(minyIn), maxx(maxxIn), maxy(maxyIn), pj(pjIn),
     804             :               osName(osNameIn), osProjString(osProjStringIn),
     805           0 :               accuracy(accuracyIn)
     806             :         {
     807           0 :         }
     808             :     };
     809             : 
     810             :     std::vector<Transformation> m_oTransformations{};
     811             :     int m_iCurTransformation = -1;
     812             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions m_options{};
     813             : 
     814             :     bool m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed = false;
     815             :     std::string m_lastPjUsedPROJString{};
     816             :     bool m_differentOperationsUsed = false;
     817             : 
     818             :     void ComputeThreshold();
     819             :     void DetectWebMercatorToWGS84();
     820             : 
     821             :     OGRProjCT(const OGRProjCT &other);
     822             :     OGRProjCT &operator=(const OGRProjCT &) = delete;
     823             : 
     824             :     static CTCacheKey
     825             :     MakeCacheKey(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS1, const char *pszSrcSRS,
     826             :                  const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS2, const char *pszTargetSRS,
     827             :                  const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options);
     828             :     bool ContainsNorthPole(const double xmin, const double ymin,
     829             :                            const double xmax, const double ymax,
     830             :                            bool lon_lat_order);
     831             :     bool ContainsSouthPole(const double xmin, const double ymin,
     832             :                            const double xmax, const double ymax,
     833             :                            bool lon_lat_order);
     834             : 
     835             :   public:
     836             :     OGRProjCT();
     837             :     ~OGRProjCT() override;
     838             : 
     839             :     int Initialize(const OGRSpatialReference *poSource, const char *pszSrcSRS,
     840             :                    const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget,
     841             :                    const char *pszTargetSRS,
     842             :                    const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options);
     843             : 
     844             :     const OGRSpatialReference *GetSourceCS() const override;
     845             :     const OGRSpatialReference *GetTargetCS() const override;
     846             : 
     847             :     int Transform(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z, double *t,
     848             :                   int *pabSuccess) override;
     849             : 
     850             :     int TransformWithErrorCodes(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z,
     851             :                                 double *t, int *panErrorCodes) override;
     852             : 
     853             :     int TransformBounds(const double xmin, const double ymin, const double xmax,
     854             :                         const double ymax, double *out_xmin, double *out_ymin,
     855             :                         double *out_xmax, double *out_ymax,
     856             :                         const int densify_pts) override;
     857             : 
     858          41 :     bool GetEmitErrors() const override
     859             :     {
     860          41 :         return m_bEmitErrors;
     861             :     }
     862             : 
     863        4153 :     void SetEmitErrors(bool bEmitErrors) override
     864             :     {
     865        4153 :         m_bEmitErrors = bEmitErrors;
     866        4153 :     }
     867             : 
     868             :     OGRCoordinateTransformation *Clone() const override;
     869             : 
     870             :     OGRCoordinateTransformation *GetInverse() const override;
     871             : 
     872             :     static void InsertIntoCache(OGRProjCT *poCT);
     873             : 
     874             :     static OGRProjCT *
     875             :     FindFromCache(const OGRSpatialReference *poSource, const char *pszSrcSRS,
     876             :                   const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget, const char *pszTargetSRS,
     877             :                   const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options);
     878             : };
     879             : 
     880             : /************************************************************************/
     881             : /*                   OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStart()                */
     882             : /************************************************************************/
     883             : 
     884         576 : void OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStart(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT)
     885             : {
     886         576 :     auto poOGRCT = dynamic_cast<OGRProjCT *>(poCT);
     887         576 :     if (poOGRCT)
     888             :     {
     889         576 :         poOGRCT->m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed = true;
     890         576 :         poOGRCT->m_differentOperationsUsed = false;
     891         576 :         poOGRCT->m_lastPjUsedPROJString.clear();
     892             :     }
     893             :     else
     894             :     {
     895           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
     896             :                  "OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStart() called with a non "
     897             :                  "OGRProjCT instance");
     898             :     }
     899         576 : }
     900             : 
     901             : /************************************************************************/
     902             : /*                   OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStop()                 */
     903             : /************************************************************************/
     904             : 
     905         576 : void OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStop(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT)
     906             : {
     907         576 :     auto poOGRCT = dynamic_cast<OGRProjCT *>(poCT);
     908         576 :     if (poOGRCT)
     909             :     {
     910         576 :         poOGRCT->m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed = false;
     911             :     }
     912             :     else
     913             :     {
     914           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
     915             :                  "OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStop() called with a non "
     916             :                  "OGRProjCT instance");
     917             :     }
     918         576 : }
     919             : 
     920             : /************************************************************************/
     921             : /*                   OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsUsed()                 */
     922             : /************************************************************************/
     923             : 
     924         576 : bool OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsUsed(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT)
     925             : {
     926         576 :     auto poOGRCT = dynamic_cast<OGRProjCT *>(poCT);
     927         576 :     if (poOGRCT)
     928             :     {
     929         576 :         return poOGRCT->m_differentOperationsUsed;
     930             :     }
     931             :     else
     932             :     {
     933           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
     934             :                  "OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsReset() called with a non "
     935             :                  "OGRProjCT instance");
     936           0 :         return false;
     937             :     }
     938             : }
     939             : 
     940             : //! @endcond
     941             : 
     942             : /************************************************************************/
     943             : /*                    ~OGRCoordinateTransformation()                    */
     944             : /************************************************************************/
     945             : 
     946             : OGRCoordinateTransformation::~OGRCoordinateTransformation() = default;
     947             : 
     948             : /************************************************************************/
     949             : /*                 OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation()                 */
     950             : /************************************************************************/
     951             : 
     952             : /**
     953             :  * \brief OGRCoordinateTransformation destructor.
     954             :  *
     955             :  * This function is the same as OGRCoordinateTransformation::DestroyCT()
     956             :  *
     957             :  * @param hCT the object to delete
     958             :  */
     959             : 
     960             : void CPL_STDCALL
     961         363 : OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hCT)
     962             : 
     963             : {
     964         363 :     OGRCoordinateTransformation::DestroyCT(
     965             :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hCT));
     966         363 : }
     967             : 
     968             : /************************************************************************/
     969             : /*                             DestroyCT()                              */
     970             : /************************************************************************/
     971             : 
     972             : /**
     973             :  * \brief OGRCoordinateTransformation destructor.
     974             :  *
     975             :  * This function is the same as
     976             :  * OGRCoordinateTransformation::~OGRCoordinateTransformation()
     977             :  * and OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation()
     978             :  *
     979             :  * This static method will destroy a OGRCoordinateTransformation.  It is
     980             :  * equivalent to calling delete on the object, but it ensures that the
     981             :  * deallocation is properly executed within the OGR libraries heap on
     982             :  * platforms where this can matter (win32).
     983             :  *
     984             :  * @param poCT the object to delete
     985             :  *
     986             :  */
     987             : 
     988        4001 : void OGRCoordinateTransformation::DestroyCT(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT)
     989             : {
     990        4001 :     auto poProjCT = dynamic_cast<OGRProjCT *>(poCT);
     991        4001 :     if (poProjCT)
     992             :     {
     993        3995 :         OGRProjCT::InsertIntoCache(poProjCT);
     994             :     }
     995             :     else
     996             :     {
     997           6 :         delete poCT;
     998             :     }
     999        4001 : }
    1000             : 
    1001             : /************************************************************************/
    1002             : /*                 OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation()                  */
    1003             : /************************************************************************/
    1004             : 
    1005             : /**
    1006             :  * Create transformation object.
    1007             :  *
    1008             :  * This is the same as the C function OCTNewCoordinateTransformation().
    1009             :  *
    1010             :  * Input spatial reference system objects are assigned
    1011             :  * by copy (calling clone() method) and no ownership transfer occurs.
    1012             :  *
    1013             :  * The delete operator, or OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation() should
    1014             :  * be used to destroy transformation objects.
    1015             :  *
    1016             :  * This will honour the axis order advertized by the source and target SRS,
    1017             :  * as well as their "data axis to SRS axis mapping".
    1018             :  * To have a behavior similar to GDAL &lt; 3.0, the
    1019             :  * OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER configuration option can be set to YES.
    1020             :  *
    1021             :  * @param poSource source spatial reference system.
    1022             :  * @param poTarget target spatial reference system.
    1023             :  * @return NULL on failure or a ready to use transformation object.
    1024             :  */
    1025             : 
    1026             : OGRCoordinateTransformation *
    1027        3365 : OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(const OGRSpatialReference *poSource,
    1028             :                                   const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget)
    1029             : 
    1030             : {
    1031        3365 :     return OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
    1032        6730 :         poSource, poTarget, OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions());
    1033             : }
    1034             : 
    1035             : /**
    1036             :  * Create transformation object.
    1037             :  *
    1038             :  * This is the same as the C function OCTNewCoordinateTransformationEx().
    1039             :  *
    1040             :  * Input spatial reference system objects are assigned
    1041             :  * by copy (calling clone() method) and no ownership transfer occurs.
    1042             :  *
    1043             :  * The delete operator, or OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation() should
    1044             :  * be used to destroy transformation objects.
    1045             :  *
    1046             :  * This will honour the axis order advertized by the source and target SRS,
    1047             :  * as well as their "data axis to SRS axis mapping".
    1048             :  * To have a behavior similar to GDAL &lt; 3.0, the
    1049             :  * OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER configuration option can be set to YES.
    1050             :  *
    1051             :  * The source SRS and target SRS should generally not be NULL. This is only
    1052             :  * allowed if a custom coordinate operation is set through the hOptions
    1053             :  * argument.
    1054             :  *
    1055             :  * Starting with GDAL 3.0.3, the OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION configuration option can be
    1056             :  * set to PROJ (default if PROJ >= 6.3), BEST_ACCURACY or FIRST_MATCHING to
    1057             :  * decide of the strategy to select the operation to use among candidates, whose
    1058             :  * area of use is compatible with the points to transform. It is only taken into
    1059             :  * account if no user defined coordinate transformation pipeline has been
    1060             :  * specified. <ul> <li>PROJ means the default behavior used by PROJ
    1061             :  * proj_create_crs_to_crs(). In particular the operation to use among several
    1062             :  * initial candidates is evaluated for each point to transform.</li>
    1063             :  * <li>BEST_ACCURACY means the operation whose accuracy is best. It should be
    1064             :  *     close to PROJ behavior, except that the operation to select is decided
    1065             :  *     for the average point of the coordinates passed in a single Transform()
    1066             :  * call. Note: if the OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetDesiredAccuracy()
    1067             :  * or OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetBallparkAllowed() methods are
    1068             :  * called with PROJ < 8, this strategy will be selected instead of PROJ.
    1069             :  * </li>
    1070             :  * <li>FIRST_MATCHING is the operation ordered first in the list of candidates:
    1071             :  *     it will not necessarily have the best accuracy, but generally a larger
    1072             :  * area of use.  It is evaluated for the average point of the coordinates passed
    1073             :  * in a single Transform() call. This was the default behavior for GDAL 3.0.0 to
    1074             :  *     3.0.2</li>
    1075             :  * </ul>
    1076             :  *
    1077             :  * By default, if the source or target SRS definition refers to an official
    1078             :  * CRS through a code, GDAL will use the official definition if the official
    1079             :  * definition and the source/target SRS definition are equivalent. Note that
    1080             :  * TOWGS84[] clauses are ignored when checking equivalence. Starting with
    1081             :  * GDAL 3.4.1, if you set the OGR_CT_PREFER_OFFICIAL_SRS_DEF configuration
    1082             :  * option to NO, the source or target SRS definition will be always used.
    1083             :  *
    1084             :  * If options contains a user defined coordinate transformation pipeline, it
    1085             :  * will be unconditionally used.
    1086             :  * If options has an area of interest defined, it will be used to research the
    1087             :  * best fitting coordinate transformation (which will be used for all coordinate
    1088             :  * transformations, even if they don't fall into the declared area of interest)
    1089             :  * If no options are set, then a list of candidate coordinate operations will be
    1090             :  * researched, and at each call to Transform(), the best of those candidate
    1091             :  * regarding the centroid of the coordinate set will be dynamically selected.
    1092             :  *
    1093             :  * @param poSource source spatial reference system.
    1094             :  * @param poTarget target spatial reference system.
    1095             :  * @param options Coordinate transformation options.
    1096             :  * @return NULL on failure or a ready to use transformation object.
    1097             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
    1098             :  */
    1099             : 
    1100        4841 : OGRCoordinateTransformation *OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
    1101             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poSource, const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget,
    1102             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    1103             : 
    1104             : {
    1105        4841 :     char *pszSrcSRS = poSource ? GetTextRepresentation(poSource) : nullptr;
    1106        4841 :     char *pszTargetSRS = poTarget ? GetTextRepresentation(poTarget) : nullptr;
    1107             :     // Try to find if we have a match in the case
    1108        4841 :     OGRProjCT *poCT = OGRProjCT::FindFromCache(poSource, pszSrcSRS, poTarget,
    1109             :                                                pszTargetSRS, options);
    1110        4841 :     if (poCT == nullptr)
    1111             :     {
    1112        2822 :         poCT = new OGRProjCT();
    1113        2822 :         if (!poCT->Initialize(poSource, pszSrcSRS, poTarget, pszTargetSRS,
    1114             :                               options))
    1115             :         {
    1116          27 :             delete poCT;
    1117          27 :             poCT = nullptr;
    1118             :         }
    1119             :     }
    1120        4841 :     CPLFree(pszSrcSRS);
    1121        4840 :     CPLFree(pszTargetSRS);
    1122             : 
    1123        4841 :     return poCT;
    1124             : }
    1125             : 
    1126             : /************************************************************************/
    1127             : /*                   OCTNewCoordinateTransformation()                   */
    1128             : /************************************************************************/
    1129             : 
    1130             : /**
    1131             :  * Create transformation object.
    1132             :  *
    1133             :  * This is the same as the C++ function OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(const
    1134             :  * OGRSpatialReference *, const OGRSpatialReference *)
    1135             :  *
    1136             :  * Input spatial reference system objects are assigned
    1137             :  * by copy (calling clone() method) and no ownership transfer occurs.
    1138             :  *
    1139             :  * OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation() should
    1140             :  * be used to destroy transformation objects.
    1141             :  *
    1142             :  * This will honour the axis order advertized by the source and target SRS,
    1143             :  * as well as their "data axis to SRS axis mapping".
    1144             :  * To have a behavior similar to GDAL &lt; 3.0, the
    1145             :  * OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER configuration option can be set to YES.
    1146             :  *
    1147             :  * @param hSourceSRS source spatial reference system.
    1148             :  * @param hTargetSRS target spatial reference system.
    1149             :  * @return NULL on failure or a ready to use transformation object.
    1150             :  */
    1151             : 
    1152         337 : OGRCoordinateTransformationH CPL_STDCALL OCTNewCoordinateTransformation(
    1153             :     OGRSpatialReferenceH hSourceSRS, OGRSpatialReferenceH hTargetSRS)
    1154             : 
    1155             : {
    1156             :     return reinterpret_cast<OGRCoordinateTransformationH>(
    1157         337 :         OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
    1158             :             reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(hSourceSRS),
    1159         337 :             reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(hTargetSRS)));
    1160             : }
    1161             : 
    1162             : /************************************************************************/
    1163             : /*                   OCTNewCoordinateTransformationEx()                 */
    1164             : /************************************************************************/
    1165             : 
    1166             : /**
    1167             :  * Create transformation object.
    1168             :  *
    1169             :  * This is the same as the C++ function OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(const
    1170             :  * OGRSpatialReference *, const OGRSpatialReference *, const
    1171             :  * OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions& )
    1172             :  *
    1173             :  * Input spatial reference system objects are assigned
    1174             :  * by copy (calling clone() method) and no ownership transfer occurs.
    1175             :  *
    1176             :  * OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation() should
    1177             :  * be used to destroy transformation objects.
    1178             :  *
    1179             :  * The source SRS and target SRS should generally not be NULL. This is only
    1180             :  * allowed if a custom coordinate operation is set through the hOptions
    1181             :  * argument.
    1182             :  *
    1183             :  * This will honour the axis order advertized by the source and target SRS,
    1184             :  * as well as their "data axis to SRS axis mapping".
    1185             :  * To have a behavior similar to GDAL &lt; 3.0, the
    1186             :  * OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER configuration option can be set to YES.
    1187             :  *
    1188             :  * If options contains a user defined coordinate transformation pipeline, it
    1189             :  * will be unconditionally used.
    1190             :  * If options has an area of interest defined, it will be used to research the
    1191             :  * best fitting coordinate transformation (which will be used for all coordinate
    1192             :  * transformations, even if they don't fall into the declared area of interest)
    1193             :  * If no options are set, then a list of candidate coordinate operations will be
    1194             :  * researched, and at each call to Transform(), the best of those candidate
    1195             :  * regarding the centroid of the coordinate set will be dynamically selected.
    1196             :  *
    1197             :  * @param hSourceSRS source spatial reference system.
    1198             :  * @param hTargetSRS target spatial reference system.
    1199             :  * @param hOptions Coordinate transformation options.
    1200             :  * @return NULL on failure or a ready to use transformation object.
    1201             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
    1202             :  */
    1203             : 
    1204             : OGRCoordinateTransformationH
    1205          12 : OCTNewCoordinateTransformationEx(OGRSpatialReferenceH hSourceSRS,
    1206             :                                  OGRSpatialReferenceH hTargetSRS,
    1207             :                                  OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions)
    1208             : 
    1209             : {
    1210             :     return reinterpret_cast<OGRCoordinateTransformationH>(
    1211          12 :         OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
    1212             :             reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(hSourceSRS),
    1213             :             reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(hTargetSRS),
    1214          24 :             hOptions ? *hOptions : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()));
    1215             : }
    1216             : 
    1217             : /************************************************************************/
    1218             : /*                              OCTClone()                              */
    1219             : /************************************************************************/
    1220             : 
    1221             : /**
    1222             :  * Clone transformation object.
    1223             :  *
    1224             :  * This is the same as the C++ function OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation::Clone
    1225             :  *
    1226             :  * @return handle to transformation's clone or NULL on error,
    1227             :  *         must be freed with OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation
    1228             :  *
    1229             :  * @since GDAL 3.4
    1230             :  */
    1231             : 
    1232           1 : OGRCoordinateTransformationH OCTClone(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform)
    1233             : 
    1234             : {
    1235           1 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTClone", nullptr);
    1236           1 :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::ToHandle(
    1237           2 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)->Clone());
    1238             : }
    1239             : 
    1240             : /************************************************************************/
    1241             : /*                             OCTGetSourceCS()                         */
    1242             : /************************************************************************/
    1243             : 
    1244             : /**
    1245             :  * Transformation's source coordinate system reference.
    1246             :  *
    1247             :  * This is the same as the C++ function
    1248             :  * OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation::GetSourceCS
    1249             :  *
    1250             :  * @return handle to transformation's source coordinate system or NULL if not
    1251             :  * present.
    1252             :  *
    1253             :  * The ownership of the returned SRS belongs to the transformation object, and
    1254             :  * the returned SRS should not be modified.
    1255             :  *
    1256             :  * @since GDAL 3.4
    1257             :  */
    1258             : 
    1259           1 : OGRSpatialReferenceH OCTGetSourceCS(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform)
    1260             : 
    1261             : {
    1262           1 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTGetSourceCS", nullptr);
    1263           1 :     return OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(const_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(
    1264           1 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)->GetSourceCS()));
    1265             : }
    1266             : 
    1267             : /************************************************************************/
    1268             : /*                             OCTGetTargetCS()                         */
    1269             : /************************************************************************/
    1270             : 
    1271             : /**
    1272             :  * Transformation's target coordinate system reference.
    1273             :  *
    1274             :  * This is the same as the C++ function
    1275             :  * OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation::GetTargetCS
    1276             :  *
    1277             :  * @return handle to transformation's target coordinate system or NULL if not
    1278             :  * present.
    1279             :  *
    1280             :  * The ownership of the returned SRS belongs to the transformation object, and
    1281             :  * the returned SRS should not be modified.
    1282             :  *
    1283             :  * @since GDAL 3.4
    1284             :  */
    1285             : 
    1286           1 : OGRSpatialReferenceH OCTGetTargetCS(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform)
    1287             : 
    1288             : {
    1289           1 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTGetTargetCS", nullptr);
    1290           1 :     return OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(const_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(
    1291           1 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)->GetTargetCS()));
    1292             : }
    1293             : 
    1294             : /************************************************************************/
    1295             : /*                             OCTGetInverse()                          */
    1296             : /************************************************************************/
    1297             : 
    1298             : /**
    1299             :  * Inverse transformation object.
    1300             :  *
    1301             :  * This is the same as the C++ function
    1302             :  * OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation::GetInverse
    1303             :  *
    1304             :  * @return handle to inverse transformation or NULL on error,
    1305             :  *         must be freed with OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation
    1306             :  *
    1307             :  * @since GDAL 3.4
    1308             :  */
    1309             : 
    1310             : OGRCoordinateTransformationH CPL_DLL
    1311           2 : OCTGetInverse(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform)
    1312             : 
    1313             : {
    1314           2 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTGetInverse", nullptr);
    1315           2 :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::ToHandle(
    1316           4 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)->GetInverse());
    1317             : }
    1318             : 
    1319             : /************************************************************************/
    1320             : /*                             OGRProjCT()                             */
    1321             : /************************************************************************/
    1322             : 
    1323             : //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    1324        4283 : OGRProjCT::OGRProjCT()
    1325             : {
    1326        4283 : }
    1327             : 
    1328             : /************************************************************************/
    1329             : /*                  OGRProjCT(const OGRProjCT& other)                   */
    1330             : /************************************************************************/
    1331             : 
    1332          27 : OGRProjCT::OGRProjCT(const OGRProjCT &other)
    1333          27 :     : poSRSSource((other.poSRSSource != nullptr) ? (other.poSRSSource->Clone())
    1334             :                                                  : (nullptr)),
    1335          27 :       m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient(other.m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient),
    1336          27 :       bSourceLatLong(other.bSourceLatLong), bSourceWrap(other.bSourceWrap),
    1337          27 :       dfSourceWrapLong(other.dfSourceWrapLong),
    1338          27 :       bSourceIsDynamicCRS(other.bSourceIsDynamicCRS),
    1339          27 :       dfSourceCoordinateEpoch(other.dfSourceCoordinateEpoch),
    1340          27 :       m_osSrcSRS(other.m_osSrcSRS),
    1341          27 :       poSRSTarget((other.poSRSTarget != nullptr) ? (other.poSRSTarget->Clone())
    1342             :                                                  : (nullptr)),
    1343          27 :       m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient(other.m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient),
    1344          27 :       bTargetLatLong(other.bTargetLatLong), bTargetWrap(other.bTargetWrap),
    1345          27 :       dfTargetWrapLong(other.dfTargetWrapLong),
    1346          27 :       bTargetIsDynamicCRS(other.bTargetIsDynamicCRS),
    1347          27 :       dfTargetCoordinateEpoch(other.dfTargetCoordinateEpoch),
    1348          27 :       m_osTargetSRS(other.m_osTargetSRS),
    1349          27 :       bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat(other.bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat),
    1350          27 :       nErrorCount(other.nErrorCount), dfThreshold(other.dfThreshold),
    1351          54 :       m_pj(other.m_pj), m_bReversePj(other.m_bReversePj),
    1352          27 :       m_bEmitErrors(other.m_bEmitErrors), bNoTransform(other.bNoTransform),
    1353          27 :       m_eStrategy(other.m_eStrategy),
    1354          27 :       m_oTransformations(other.m_oTransformations),
    1355          27 :       m_iCurTransformation(other.m_iCurTransformation),
    1356          27 :       m_options(other.m_options), m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed(false),
    1357          81 :       m_lastPjUsedPROJString(std::string()), m_differentOperationsUsed(false)
    1358             : {
    1359          27 : }
    1360             : 
    1361             : /************************************************************************/
    1362             : /*                            ~OGRProjCT()                             */
    1363             : /************************************************************************/
    1364             : 
    1365        7444 : OGRProjCT::~OGRProjCT()
    1366             : 
    1367             : {
    1368        3722 :     if (poSRSSource != nullptr)
    1369             :     {
    1370        3711 :         poSRSSource->Release();
    1371             :     }
    1372             : 
    1373        3722 :     if (poSRSTarget != nullptr)
    1374             :     {
    1375        3709 :         poSRSTarget->Release();
    1376             :     }
    1377        7444 : }
    1378             : 
    1379             : /************************************************************************/
    1380             : /*                          ComputeThreshold()                          */
    1381             : /************************************************************************/
    1382             : 
    1383        4282 : void OGRProjCT::ComputeThreshold()
    1384             : {
    1385             :     // The threshold is experimental. Works well with the cases of ticket #2305.
    1386        4282 :     if (bSourceLatLong)
    1387             :     {
    1388             :         // coverity[tainted_data]
    1389        2948 :         dfThreshold = CPLAtof(CPLGetConfigOption("THRESHOLD", ".1"));
    1390             :     }
    1391             :     else
    1392             :     {
    1393             :         // 1 works well for most projections, except for +proj=aeqd that
    1394             :         // requires a tolerance of 10000.
    1395             :         // coverity[tainted_data]
    1396        1334 :         dfThreshold = CPLAtof(CPLGetConfigOption("THRESHOLD", "10000"));
    1397             :     }
    1398        4282 : }
    1399             : 
    1400             : /************************************************************************/
    1401             : /*                        DetectWebMercatorToWGS84()                    */
    1402             : /************************************************************************/
    1403             : 
    1404        4282 : void OGRProjCT::DetectWebMercatorToWGS84()
    1405             : {
    1406             :     // Detect webmercator to WGS84
    1407        8527 :     if (m_options.d->osCoordOperation.empty() && poSRSSource && poSRSTarget &&
    1408       13821 :         poSRSSource->IsProjected() && poSRSTarget->IsGeographic() &&
    1409        1014 :         ((m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient == OAO_North &&
    1410         896 :           poSRSTarget->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping() ==
    1411        5177 :               std::vector<int>{2, 1}) ||
    1412         139 :          (m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East &&
    1413         118 :           poSRSTarget->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping() ==
    1414        4399 :               std::vector<int>{1, 2})))
    1415             :     {
    1416             :         // Examine SRS ID before going to Proj4 string for faster execution
    1417             :         // This assumes that the SRS definition is "not lying", that is, it
    1418             :         // is equivalent to the resolution of the official EPSG code.
    1419         984 :         const char *pszSourceAuth = poSRSSource->GetAuthorityName(nullptr);
    1420         984 :         const char *pszSourceCode = poSRSSource->GetAuthorityCode(nullptr);
    1421         985 :         const char *pszTargetAuth = poSRSTarget->GetAuthorityName(nullptr);
    1422         985 :         const char *pszTargetCode = poSRSTarget->GetAuthorityCode(nullptr);
    1423         985 :         if (pszSourceAuth && pszSourceCode && pszTargetAuth && pszTargetCode &&
    1424         681 :             EQUAL(pszSourceAuth, "EPSG") && EQUAL(pszTargetAuth, "EPSG"))
    1425             :         {
    1426         669 :             bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat =
    1427         937 :                 (EQUAL(pszSourceCode, "3857") ||
    1428         268 :                  EQUAL(pszSourceCode, "3785") ||     // deprecated
    1429        1338 :                  EQUAL(pszSourceCode, "900913")) &&  // deprecated
    1430         402 :                 EQUAL(pszTargetCode, "4326");
    1431             :         }
    1432             :         else
    1433             :         {
    1434         316 :             CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    1435         316 :             char *pszSrcProj4Defn = nullptr;
    1436         316 :             poSRSSource->exportToProj4(&pszSrcProj4Defn);
    1437             : 
    1438         316 :             char *pszDstProj4Defn = nullptr;
    1439         316 :             poSRSTarget->exportToProj4(&pszDstProj4Defn);
    1440         316 :             CPLPopErrorHandler();
    1441             : 
    1442         316 :             if (pszSrcProj4Defn && pszDstProj4Defn)
    1443             :             {
    1444         316 :                 if (pszSrcProj4Defn[0] != '\0' &&
    1445         316 :                     pszSrcProj4Defn[strlen(pszSrcProj4Defn) - 1] == ' ')
    1446           0 :                     pszSrcProj4Defn[strlen(pszSrcProj4Defn) - 1] = 0;
    1447         316 :                 if (pszDstProj4Defn[0] != '\0' &&
    1448         316 :                     pszDstProj4Defn[strlen(pszDstProj4Defn) - 1] == ' ')
    1449           0 :                     pszDstProj4Defn[strlen(pszDstProj4Defn) - 1] = 0;
    1450         316 :                 char *pszNeedle = strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "  ");
    1451         316 :                 if (pszNeedle)
    1452           0 :                     memmove(pszNeedle, pszNeedle + 1,
    1453           0 :                             strlen(pszNeedle + 1) + 1);
    1454         316 :                 pszNeedle = strstr(pszDstProj4Defn, "  ");
    1455         316 :                 if (pszNeedle)
    1456           0 :                     memmove(pszNeedle, pszNeedle + 1,
    1457           0 :                             strlen(pszNeedle + 1) + 1);
    1458             : 
    1459         316 :                 if ((strstr(pszDstProj4Defn, "+datum=WGS84") != nullptr ||
    1460         160 :                      strstr(pszDstProj4Defn,
    1461             :                             "+ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ") !=
    1462         156 :                          nullptr) &&
    1463         156 :                     strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "+nadgrids=@null ") != nullptr &&
    1464          56 :                     strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "+towgs84") == nullptr)
    1465             :                 {
    1466             :                     char *pszDst =
    1467          56 :                         strstr(pszDstProj4Defn, "+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ");
    1468          56 :                     if (pszDst != nullptr)
    1469             :                     {
    1470           0 :                         char *pszSrc =
    1471             :                             pszDst + strlen("+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ");
    1472           0 :                         memmove(pszDst, pszSrc, strlen(pszSrc) + 1);
    1473             :                     }
    1474             :                     else
    1475             :                     {
    1476          56 :                         memcpy(strstr(pszDstProj4Defn, "+datum=WGS84"),
    1477             :                                "+ellps", 6);
    1478             :                     }
    1479             : 
    1480          56 :                     pszDst = strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "+nadgrids=@null ");
    1481          56 :                     char *pszSrc = pszDst + strlen("+nadgrids=@null ");
    1482          56 :                     memmove(pszDst, pszSrc, strlen(pszSrc) + 1);
    1483             : 
    1484          56 :                     pszDst = strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "+wktext ");
    1485          56 :                     if (pszDst)
    1486             :                     {
    1487          56 :                         pszSrc = pszDst + strlen("+wktext ");
    1488          56 :                         memmove(pszDst, pszSrc, strlen(pszSrc) + 1);
    1489             :                     }
    1490          56 :                     bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat =
    1491          56 :                         strcmp(pszDstProj4Defn,
    1492         112 :                                "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +no_defs") == 0 &&
    1493          56 :                         (strcmp(pszSrcProj4Defn,
    1494             :                                 "+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 "
    1495             :                                 "+lon_0=0.0 "
    1496             :                                 "+x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +no_defs") ==
    1497          56 :                              0 ||
    1498          56 :                          strcmp(pszSrcProj4Defn,
    1499             :                                 "+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0 "
    1500             :                                 "+lon_0=0 "
    1501             :                                 "+x_0=0 +y_0=0 +k=1 +units=m +no_defs") == 0);
    1502             :                 }
    1503             :             }
    1504             : 
    1505         316 :             CPLFree(pszSrcProj4Defn);
    1506         316 :             CPLFree(pszDstProj4Defn);
    1507             :         }
    1508             : 
    1509         985 :         if (bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat)
    1510             :         {
    1511         457 :             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Using WebMercator to WGS84 optimization");
    1512             :         }
    1513             :     }
    1514        4282 : }
    1515             : 
    1516             : /************************************************************************/
    1517             : /*                             Initialize()                             */
    1518             : /************************************************************************/
    1519             : 
    1520        2823 : int OGRProjCT::Initialize(const OGRSpatialReference *poSourceIn,
    1521             :                           const char *pszSrcSRS,
    1522             :                           const OGRSpatialReference *poTargetIn,
    1523             :                           const char *pszTargetSRS,
    1524             :                           const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    1525             : 
    1526             : {
    1527        2823 :     m_options = options;
    1528             : 
    1529        2822 :     if (poSourceIn == nullptr || poTargetIn == nullptr)
    1530             :     {
    1531          13 :         if (options.d->osCoordOperation.empty())
    1532             :         {
    1533           1 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    1534             :                      "OGRProjCT::Initialize(): if source and/or target CRS "
    1535             :                      "are null, a coordinate operation must be specified");
    1536           1 :             return FALSE;
    1537             :         }
    1538             :     }
    1539             : 
    1540        2821 :     if (poSourceIn)
    1541             :     {
    1542        2811 :         poSRSSource = poSourceIn->Clone();
    1543        2811 :         m_osSrcSRS = pszSrcSRS;
    1544             :     }
    1545        2822 :     if (poTargetIn)
    1546             :     {
    1547        2811 :         poSRSTarget = poTargetIn->Clone();
    1548        2811 :         m_osTargetSRS = pszTargetSRS;
    1549             :     }
    1550             : 
    1551             :     // To easy quick&dirty compatibility with GDAL < 3.0
    1552        2822 :     if (CPLTestBool(
    1553             :             CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER", "NO")))
    1554             :     {
    1555           0 :         if (poSRSSource)
    1556           0 :             poSRSSource->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    1557           0 :         if (poSRSTarget)
    1558           0 :             poSRSTarget->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    1559             :     }
    1560             : 
    1561        2822 :     if (poSRSSource)
    1562             :     {
    1563        2812 :         bSourceLatLong = CPL_TO_BOOL(poSRSSource->IsGeographic());
    1564        2812 :         bSourceIsDynamicCRS = poSRSSource->IsDynamic();
    1565        2812 :         dfSourceCoordinateEpoch = poSRSSource->GetCoordinateEpoch();
    1566        2812 :         if (!bSourceIsDynamicCRS && dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1567             :         {
    1568           3 :             bSourceIsDynamicCRS = poSRSSource->HasPointMotionOperation();
    1569             :         }
    1570        2812 :         poSRSSource->GetAxis(nullptr, 0, &m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient);
    1571             :     }
    1572        2822 :     if (poSRSTarget)
    1573             :     {
    1574        2810 :         bTargetLatLong = CPL_TO_BOOL(poSRSTarget->IsGeographic());
    1575        2811 :         bTargetIsDynamicCRS = poSRSTarget->IsDynamic();
    1576        2811 :         dfTargetCoordinateEpoch = poSRSTarget->GetCoordinateEpoch();
    1577        2811 :         if (!bTargetIsDynamicCRS && dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1578             :         {
    1579           2 :             bTargetIsDynamicCRS = poSRSTarget->HasPointMotionOperation();
    1580             :         }
    1581        2811 :         poSRSTarget->GetAxis(nullptr, 0, &m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient);
    1582             :     }
    1583             : 
    1584             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR < 9 ||                                                  \
    1585             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR < 4)
    1586        2823 :     if (bSourceIsDynamicCRS && bTargetIsDynamicCRS &&
    1587        1757 :         dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0 && dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0 &&
    1588           0 :         dfSourceCoordinateEpoch != dfTargetCoordinateEpoch)
    1589             :     {
    1590           0 :         CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
    1591             :                  "Coordinate transformation between different epochs only"
    1592             :                  "supported since PROJ 9.4");
    1593             :     }
    1594             : #endif
    1595             : 
    1596             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1597             :     /*      Setup source and target translations to radians for lat/long    */
    1598             :     /*      systems.                                                        */
    1599             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1600        2823 :     bSourceWrap = false;
    1601        2823 :     dfSourceWrapLong = 0.0;
    1602             : 
    1603        2823 :     bTargetWrap = false;
    1604        2823 :     dfTargetWrapLong = 0.0;
    1605             : 
    1606             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1607             :     /*      Preliminary logic to setup wrapping.                            */
    1608             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1609        2823 :     if (CPLGetConfigOption("CENTER_LONG", nullptr) != nullptr)
    1610             :     {
    1611           0 :         bSourceWrap = true;
    1612           0 :         bTargetWrap = true;
    1613             :         // coverity[tainted_data]
    1614           0 :         dfSourceWrapLong = dfTargetWrapLong =
    1615           0 :             CPLAtof(CPLGetConfigOption("CENTER_LONG", ""));
    1616           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap at %g.", dfSourceWrapLong);
    1617             :     }
    1618             : 
    1619             :     const char *pszCENTER_LONG;
    1620             :     {
    1621        2822 :         CPLErrorStateBackuper oErrorStateBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    1622        2822 :         pszCENTER_LONG =
    1623        2821 :             poSRSSource ? poSRSSource->GetExtension("GEOGCS", "CENTER_LONG")
    1624             :                         : nullptr;
    1625             :     }
    1626        2822 :     if (pszCENTER_LONG != nullptr)
    1627             :     {
    1628           1 :         dfSourceWrapLong = CPLAtof(pszCENTER_LONG);
    1629           0 :         bSourceWrap = true;
    1630           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap source at %g.", dfSourceWrapLong);
    1631             :     }
    1632        2821 :     else if (bSourceLatLong && options.d->bHasSourceCenterLong)
    1633             :     {
    1634         265 :         dfSourceWrapLong = options.d->dfSourceCenterLong;
    1635         265 :         bSourceWrap = true;
    1636         265 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap source at %g.", dfSourceWrapLong);
    1637             :     }
    1638             : 
    1639             :     {
    1640        2821 :         CPLErrorStateBackuper oErrorStateBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    1641        2822 :         pszCENTER_LONG =
    1642        2822 :             poSRSTarget ? poSRSTarget->GetExtension("GEOGCS", "CENTER_LONG")
    1643             :                         : nullptr;
    1644             :     }
    1645        2822 :     if (pszCENTER_LONG != nullptr)
    1646             :     {
    1647           1 :         dfTargetWrapLong = CPLAtof(pszCENTER_LONG);
    1648           0 :         bTargetWrap = true;
    1649           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap target at %g.", dfTargetWrapLong);
    1650             :     }
    1651        2821 :     else if (bTargetLatLong && options.d->bHasTargetCenterLong)
    1652             :     {
    1653           0 :         dfTargetWrapLong = options.d->dfTargetCenterLong;
    1654           0 :         bTargetWrap = true;
    1655           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap target at %g.", dfTargetWrapLong);
    1656             :     }
    1657             : 
    1658        2821 :     ComputeThreshold();
    1659             : 
    1660        2822 :     DetectWebMercatorToWGS84();
    1661             : 
    1662             :     const char *pszCTOpSelection =
    1663        2821 :         CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION", nullptr);
    1664        2822 :     if (pszCTOpSelection)
    1665             :     {
    1666           0 :         if (EQUAL(pszCTOpSelection, "PROJ"))
    1667           0 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::PROJ;
    1668           0 :         else if (EQUAL(pszCTOpSelection, "BEST_ACCURACY"))
    1669           0 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::BEST_ACCURACY;
    1670           0 :         else if (EQUAL(pszCTOpSelection, "FIRST_MATCHING"))
    1671           0 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::FIRST_MATCHING;
    1672             :         else
    1673           0 :             CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
    1674             :                      "OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION=%s not supported", pszCTOpSelection);
    1675             :     }
    1676             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR < 8
    1677             :     else
    1678             :     {
    1679        2822 :         if (options.d->dfAccuracy >= 0 || !options.d->bAllowBallpark)
    1680             :         {
    1681           6 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::BEST_ACCURACY;
    1682             :         }
    1683             :     }
    1684             : #endif
    1685        2822 :     if (m_eStrategy == Strategy::PROJ)
    1686             :     {
    1687             :         const char *pszUseApproxTMERC =
    1688        2816 :             CPLGetConfigOption("OSR_USE_APPROX_TMERC", nullptr);
    1689        2816 :         if (pszUseApproxTMERC && CPLTestBool(pszUseApproxTMERC))
    1690             :         {
    1691           4 :             CPLDebug("OSRCT", "Using OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION=BEST_ACCURACY as "
    1692             :                               "OSR_USE_APPROX_TMERC is set");
    1693           4 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::BEST_ACCURACY;
    1694             :         }
    1695             :     }
    1696             : 
    1697        2822 :     if (!options.d->osCoordOperation.empty())
    1698             :     {
    1699          20 :         auto ctx = OSRGetProjTLSContext();
    1700          20 :         m_pj = proj_create(ctx, options.d->osCoordOperation);
    1701          20 :         if (!m_pj)
    1702             :         {
    1703           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
    1704             :                      "Cannot instantiate pipeline %s",
    1705           0 :                      options.d->osCoordOperation.c_str());
    1706           0 :             return FALSE;
    1707             :         }
    1708          20 :         m_bReversePj = options.d->bReverseCO;
    1709             : #ifdef DEBUG
    1710          20 :         auto info = proj_pj_info(m_pj);
    1711          20 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "%s %s(user set)", info.definition,
    1712          20 :                  m_bReversePj ? "(reversed) " : "");
    1713             : #endif
    1714             :     }
    1715        2802 :     else if (!bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat && poSRSSource && poSRSTarget)
    1716             :     {
    1717             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    1718             :         struct CPLTimeVal tvStart;
    1719             :         CPLGettimeofday(&tvStart, nullptr);
    1720             :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Before proj_create_crs_to_crs()");
    1721             : #endif
    1722             : #ifdef DEBUG
    1723        2647 :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Source CRS: '%s'", pszSrcSRS);
    1724        2647 :         if (dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1725           6 :             CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Source coordinate epoch: %.3f",
    1726             :                      dfSourceCoordinateEpoch);
    1727        2647 :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Target CRS: '%s'", pszTargetSRS);
    1728        2647 :         if (dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1729          10 :             CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Target coordinate epoch: %.3f",
    1730             :                      dfTargetCoordinateEpoch);
    1731             : #endif
    1732             : 
    1733        2647 :         if (m_eStrategy == Strategy::PROJ)
    1734             :         {
    1735        2637 :             PJ_AREA *area = nullptr;
    1736        2637 :             if (options.d->bHasAreaOfInterest)
    1737             :             {
    1738         387 :                 area = proj_area_create();
    1739         387 :                 proj_area_set_bbox(area, options.d->dfWestLongitudeDeg,
    1740         387 :                                    options.d->dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
    1741         387 :                                    options.d->dfEastLongitudeDeg,
    1742         386 :                                    options.d->dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
    1743             :             }
    1744        2636 :             auto ctx = OSRGetProjTLSContext();
    1745             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR >= 8
    1746             :             auto srcCRS = proj_create(ctx, pszSrcSRS);
    1747             :             auto targetCRS = proj_create(ctx, pszTargetSRS);
    1748             :             if (srcCRS == nullptr || targetCRS == nullptr)
    1749             :             {
    1750             :                 proj_destroy(srcCRS);
    1751             :                 proj_destroy(targetCRS);
    1752             :                 if (area)
    1753             :                     proj_area_destroy(area);
    1754             :                 return FALSE;
    1755             :             }
    1756             :             CPLStringList aosOptions;
    1757             :             if (options.d->dfAccuracy >= 0)
    1758             :                 aosOptions.SetNameValue(
    1759             :                     "ACCURACY", CPLSPrintf("%.17g", options.d->dfAccuracy));
    1760             :             if (!options.d->bAllowBallpark)
    1761             :                 aosOptions.SetNameValue("ALLOW_BALLPARK", "NO");
    1762             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 9 ||                                                  \
    1763             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 2)
    1764             :             if (options.d->bOnlyBestOptionSet)
    1765             :             {
    1766             :                 aosOptions.SetNameValue("ONLY_BEST",
    1767             :                                         options.d->bOnlyBest ? "YES" : "NO");
    1768             :             }
    1769             : #endif
    1770             : 
    1771             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 9 ||                                                  \
    1772             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 4)
    1773             :             if (bSourceIsDynamicCRS && dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0 &&
    1774             :                 bTargetIsDynamicCRS && dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1775             :             {
    1776             :                 auto srcCM = proj_coordinate_metadata_create(
    1777             :                     ctx, srcCRS, dfSourceCoordinateEpoch);
    1778             :                 proj_destroy(srcCRS);
    1779             :                 srcCRS = srcCM;
    1780             : 
    1781             :                 auto targetCM = proj_coordinate_metadata_create(
    1782             :                     ctx, targetCRS, dfTargetCoordinateEpoch);
    1783             :                 proj_destroy(targetCRS);
    1784             :                 targetCRS = targetCM;
    1785             :             }
    1786             : #endif
    1787             : 
    1788             :             m_pj = proj_create_crs_to_crs_from_pj(ctx, srcCRS, targetCRS, area,
    1789             :                                                   aosOptions.List());
    1790             :             proj_destroy(srcCRS);
    1791             :             proj_destroy(targetCRS);
    1792             : #else
    1793        2637 :             m_pj = proj_create_crs_to_crs(ctx, pszSrcSRS, pszTargetSRS, area);
    1794             : #endif
    1795        2636 :             if (area)
    1796         386 :                 proj_area_destroy(area);
    1797        2637 :             if (m_pj == nullptr)
    1798             :             {
    1799          20 :                 CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
    1800             :                          "Cannot find coordinate operations from `%s' to `%s'",
    1801             :                          pszSrcSRS, pszTargetSRS);
    1802          20 :                 return FALSE;
    1803             :             }
    1804             :         }
    1805          10 :         else if (!ListCoordinateOperations(pszSrcSRS, pszTargetSRS, options))
    1806             :         {
    1807           6 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
    1808             :                      "Cannot find coordinate operations from `%s' to `%s'",
    1809             :                      pszSrcSRS, pszTargetSRS);
    1810           6 :             return FALSE;
    1811             :         }
    1812             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    1813             :         struct CPLTimeVal tvEnd;
    1814             :         CPLGettimeofday(&tvEnd, nullptr);
    1815             :         const double delay = (tvEnd.tv_sec + tvEnd.tv_usec * 1e-6) -
    1816             :                              (tvStart.tv_sec + tvStart.tv_usec * 1e-6);
    1817             :         g_dfTotalTimeCRStoCRS += delay;
    1818             :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "After proj_create_crs_to_crs(): %d ms",
    1819             :                  static_cast<int>(delay * 1000));
    1820             : #endif
    1821             :     }
    1822             : 
    1823        5570 :     if (options.d->osCoordOperation.empty() && poSRSSource && poSRSTarget &&
    1824        2775 :         (dfSourceCoordinateEpoch == 0 || dfTargetCoordinateEpoch == 0 ||
    1825           0 :          dfSourceCoordinateEpoch == dfTargetCoordinateEpoch))
    1826             :     {
    1827             :         // Determine if we can skip the transformation completely.
    1828        2775 :         const char *const apszOptionsIsSame[] = {"CRITERION=EQUIVALENT",
    1829             :                                                  nullptr};
    1830        2775 :         bNoTransform =
    1831        5287 :             !bSourceWrap && !bTargetWrap &&
    1832        2512 :             CPL_TO_BOOL(poSRSSource->IsSame(poSRSTarget, apszOptionsIsSame));
    1833             :     }
    1834             : 
    1835        2795 :     return TRUE;
    1836             : }
    1837             : 
    1838             : /************************************************************************/
    1839             : /*                               op_to_pj()                             */
    1840             : /************************************************************************/
    1841             : 
    1842           4 : static PJ *op_to_pj(PJ_CONTEXT *ctx, PJ *op,
    1843             :                     CPLString *osOutProjString = nullptr)
    1844             : {
    1845             :     // OSR_USE_ETMERC is here just for legacy
    1846           4 :     bool bForceApproxTMerc = false;
    1847           4 :     const char *pszUseETMERC = CPLGetConfigOption("OSR_USE_ETMERC", nullptr);
    1848           4 :     if (pszUseETMERC && pszUseETMERC[0])
    1849             :     {
    1850           0 :         CPLErrorOnce(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
    1851             :                      "OSR_USE_ETMERC is a legacy configuration option, which "
    1852             :                      "now has only effect when set to NO (YES is the default). "
    1853             :                      "Use OSR_USE_APPROX_TMERC=YES instead");
    1854           0 :         bForceApproxTMerc = !CPLTestBool(pszUseETMERC);
    1855             :     }
    1856             :     else
    1857             :     {
    1858             :         const char *pszUseApproxTMERC =
    1859           4 :             CPLGetConfigOption("OSR_USE_APPROX_TMERC", nullptr);
    1860           4 :         if (pszUseApproxTMERC && pszUseApproxTMERC[0])
    1861             :         {
    1862           4 :             bForceApproxTMerc = CPLTestBool(pszUseApproxTMERC);
    1863             :         }
    1864             :     }
    1865           4 :     const char *options[] = {
    1866           4 :         bForceApproxTMerc ? "USE_APPROX_TMERC=YES" : nullptr, nullptr};
    1867           4 :     auto proj_string = proj_as_proj_string(ctx, op, PJ_PROJ_5, options);
    1868           4 :     if (!proj_string)
    1869             :     {
    1870           0 :         return nullptr;
    1871             :     }
    1872           4 :     if (osOutProjString)
    1873           0 :         *osOutProjString = proj_string;
    1874             : 
    1875           4 :     if (proj_string[0] == '\0')
    1876             :     {
    1877             :         /* Null transform ? */
    1878           0 :         return proj_create(ctx, "proj=affine");
    1879             :     }
    1880             :     else
    1881             :     {
    1882           4 :         return proj_create(ctx, proj_string);
    1883             :     }
    1884             : }
    1885             : 
    1886             : /************************************************************************/
    1887             : /*                       ListCoordinateOperations()                     */
    1888             : /************************************************************************/
    1889             : 
    1890          10 : bool OGRProjCT::ListCoordinateOperations(
    1891             :     const char *pszSrcSRS, const char *pszTargetSRS,
    1892             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    1893             : {
    1894          10 :     auto ctx = OSRGetProjTLSContext();
    1895             : 
    1896          10 :     auto src = proj_create(ctx, pszSrcSRS);
    1897          10 :     if (!src)
    1898             :     {
    1899           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot instantiate source_crs");
    1900           0 :         return false;
    1901             :     }
    1902             : 
    1903          10 :     auto dst = proj_create(ctx, pszTargetSRS);
    1904          10 :     if (!dst)
    1905             :     {
    1906           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot instantiate target_crs");
    1907           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1908           0 :         return false;
    1909             :     }
    1910             : 
    1911          10 :     auto operation_ctx = proj_create_operation_factory_context(ctx, nullptr);
    1912          10 :     if (!operation_ctx)
    1913             :     {
    1914           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1915           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    1916           0 :         return false;
    1917             :     }
    1918             : 
    1919          10 :     proj_operation_factory_context_set_spatial_criterion(
    1920             :         ctx, operation_ctx, PROJ_SPATIAL_CRITERION_PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    1921          10 :     proj_operation_factory_context_set_grid_availability_use(
    1922             :         ctx, operation_ctx,
    1923             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR >= 7
    1924             :         proj_context_is_network_enabled(ctx)
    1925             :             ? PROJ_GRID_AVAILABILITY_KNOWN_AVAILABLE
    1926             :             :
    1927             : #endif
    1928             :             PROJ_GRID_AVAILABILITY_DISCARD_OPERATION_IF_MISSING_GRID);
    1929             : 
    1930          10 :     if (options.d->bHasAreaOfInterest)
    1931             :     {
    1932           2 :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_area_of_interest(
    1933           2 :             ctx, operation_ctx, options.d->dfWestLongitudeDeg,
    1934           2 :             options.d->dfSouthLatitudeDeg, options.d->dfEastLongitudeDeg,
    1935           2 :             options.d->dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
    1936             :     }
    1937             : 
    1938          10 :     if (options.d->dfAccuracy >= 0)
    1939           2 :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_desired_accuracy(
    1940           2 :             ctx, operation_ctx, options.d->dfAccuracy);
    1941          10 :     if (!options.d->bAllowBallpark)
    1942             :     {
    1943             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 7 ||                                                  \
    1944             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 7 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 1)
    1945             :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_allow_ballpark_transformations(
    1946             :             ctx, operation_ctx, FALSE);
    1947             : #else
    1948           4 :         if (options.d->dfAccuracy < 0)
    1949             :         {
    1950           4 :             proj_operation_factory_context_set_desired_accuracy(
    1951             :                 ctx, operation_ctx, HUGE_VAL);
    1952             :         }
    1953             : #endif
    1954             :     }
    1955             : 
    1956          10 :     auto op_list = proj_create_operations(ctx, src, dst, operation_ctx);
    1957             : 
    1958          10 :     if (!op_list)
    1959             :     {
    1960           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    1961           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1962           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    1963           0 :         return false;
    1964             :     }
    1965             : 
    1966          10 :     auto op_count = proj_list_get_count(op_list);
    1967          10 :     if (op_count == 0)
    1968             :     {
    1969           6 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    1970           6 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    1971           6 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1972           6 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    1973           6 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "No operation found matching criteria");
    1974           6 :         return false;
    1975             :     }
    1976             : 
    1977           0 :     if (op_count == 1 || options.d->bHasAreaOfInterest ||
    1978           4 :         proj_get_type(src) == PJ_TYPE_GEOCENTRIC_CRS ||
    1979           0 :         proj_get_type(dst) == PJ_TYPE_GEOCENTRIC_CRS)
    1980             :     {
    1981           4 :         auto op = proj_list_get(ctx, op_list, 0);
    1982           4 :         CPLAssert(op);
    1983           4 :         m_pj = op_to_pj(ctx, op);
    1984           8 :         CPLString osName;
    1985           4 :         auto name = proj_get_name(op);
    1986           4 :         if (name)
    1987           4 :             osName = name;
    1988           4 :         proj_destroy(op);
    1989           4 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    1990           4 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    1991           4 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1992           4 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    1993           4 :         if (!m_pj)
    1994           0 :             return false;
    1995             : #ifdef DEBUG
    1996           4 :         auto info = proj_pj_info(m_pj);
    1997           4 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "%s (%s)", info.definition, osName.c_str());
    1998             : #endif
    1999           4 :         return true;
    2000             :     }
    2001             : 
    2002             :     // Create a geographic 2D long-lat degrees CRS that is related to the
    2003             :     // source CRS
    2004           0 :     auto geodetic_crs = proj_crs_get_geodetic_crs(ctx, src);
    2005           0 :     if (!geodetic_crs)
    2006             :     {
    2007           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2008           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2009           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    2010           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    2011           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Cannot find geodetic CRS matching source CRS");
    2012           0 :         return false;
    2013             :     }
    2014           0 :     auto geodetic_crs_type = proj_get_type(geodetic_crs);
    2015           0 :     if (geodetic_crs_type == PJ_TYPE_GEOCENTRIC_CRS ||
    2016           0 :         geodetic_crs_type == PJ_TYPE_GEOGRAPHIC_2D_CRS ||
    2017             :         geodetic_crs_type == PJ_TYPE_GEOGRAPHIC_3D_CRS)
    2018             :     {
    2019           0 :         auto datum = proj_crs_get_datum(ctx, geodetic_crs);
    2020             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 7 ||                                                  \
    2021             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 7 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 2)
    2022             :         if (datum == nullptr)
    2023             :         {
    2024             :             datum = proj_crs_get_datum_forced(ctx, geodetic_crs);
    2025             :         }
    2026             : #endif
    2027           0 :         if (datum)
    2028             :         {
    2029           0 :             auto ellps = proj_get_ellipsoid(ctx, datum);
    2030           0 :             proj_destroy(datum);
    2031           0 :             double semi_major_metre = 0;
    2032           0 :             double inv_flattening = 0;
    2033           0 :             proj_ellipsoid_get_parameters(ctx, ellps, &semi_major_metre,
    2034             :                                           nullptr, nullptr, &inv_flattening);
    2035           0 :             auto cs = proj_create_ellipsoidal_2D_cs(
    2036             :                 ctx, PJ_ELLPS2D_LONGITUDE_LATITUDE, nullptr, 0);
    2037             :             // It is critical to set the prime meridian to 0
    2038           0 :             auto temp = proj_create_geographic_crs(
    2039             :                 ctx, "unnamed crs", "unnamed datum", proj_get_name(ellps),
    2040             :                 semi_major_metre, inv_flattening, "Reference prime meridian", 0,
    2041             :                 nullptr, 0, cs);
    2042           0 :             proj_destroy(ellps);
    2043           0 :             proj_destroy(cs);
    2044           0 :             proj_destroy(geodetic_crs);
    2045           0 :             geodetic_crs = temp;
    2046           0 :             geodetic_crs_type = proj_get_type(geodetic_crs);
    2047             :         }
    2048             :     }
    2049           0 :     if (geodetic_crs_type != PJ_TYPE_GEOGRAPHIC_2D_CRS)
    2050             :     {
    2051             :         // Shouldn't happen
    2052           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2053           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2054           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    2055           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    2056           0 :         proj_destroy(geodetic_crs);
    2057           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Cannot find geographic CRS matching source CRS");
    2058           0 :         return false;
    2059             :     }
    2060             : 
    2061             :     // Create the transformation from this geographic 2D CRS to the source CRS
    2062             :     auto op_list_to_geodetic =
    2063           0 :         proj_create_operations(ctx, geodetic_crs, src, operation_ctx);
    2064           0 :     proj_destroy(geodetic_crs);
    2065             : 
    2066           0 :     if (op_list_to_geodetic == nullptr ||
    2067           0 :         proj_list_get_count(op_list_to_geodetic) == 0)
    2068             :     {
    2069           0 :         CPLDebug(
    2070             :             "OGRCT",
    2071             :             "Cannot compute transformation from geographic CRS to source CRS");
    2072           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2073           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list_to_geodetic);
    2074           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2075           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    2076           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    2077           0 :         return false;
    2078             :     }
    2079           0 :     auto opGeogToSrc = proj_list_get(ctx, op_list_to_geodetic, 0);
    2080           0 :     CPLAssert(opGeogToSrc);
    2081           0 :     proj_list_destroy(op_list_to_geodetic);
    2082           0 :     auto pjGeogToSrc = op_to_pj(ctx, opGeogToSrc);
    2083           0 :     proj_destroy(opGeogToSrc);
    2084           0 :     if (!pjGeogToSrc)
    2085             :     {
    2086           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2087           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2088           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    2089           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    2090           0 :         return false;
    2091             :     }
    2092             : 
    2093             :     const auto addTransformation =
    2094           0 :         [this, &pjGeogToSrc, &ctx](PJ *op, double west_lon, double south_lat,
    2095           0 :                                    double east_lon, double north_lat)
    2096             :     {
    2097           0 :         double minx = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    2098           0 :         double miny = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    2099           0 :         double maxx = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    2100           0 :         double maxy = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    2101             : 
    2102           0 :         if (!(west_lon == -180.0 && east_lon == 180.0 && south_lat == -90.0 &&
    2103             :               north_lat == 90.0))
    2104             :         {
    2105           0 :             minx = -minx;
    2106           0 :             miny = -miny;
    2107           0 :             maxx = -maxx;
    2108           0 :             maxy = -maxy;
    2109             : 
    2110             :             double x[21 * 4], y[21 * 4];
    2111           0 :             for (int j = 0; j <= 20; j++)
    2112             :             {
    2113           0 :                 x[j] = west_lon + j * (east_lon - west_lon) / 20;
    2114           0 :                 y[j] = south_lat;
    2115           0 :                 x[21 + j] = west_lon + j * (east_lon - west_lon) / 20;
    2116           0 :                 y[21 + j] = north_lat;
    2117           0 :                 x[21 * 2 + j] = west_lon;
    2118           0 :                 y[21 * 2 + j] = south_lat + j * (north_lat - south_lat) / 20;
    2119           0 :                 x[21 * 3 + j] = east_lon;
    2120           0 :                 y[21 * 3 + j] = south_lat + j * (north_lat - south_lat) / 20;
    2121             :             }
    2122           0 :             proj_trans_generic(pjGeogToSrc, PJ_FWD, x, sizeof(double), 21 * 4,
    2123             :                                y, sizeof(double), 21 * 4, nullptr, 0, 0,
    2124             :                                nullptr, 0, 0);
    2125           0 :             for (int j = 0; j < 21 * 4; j++)
    2126             :             {
    2127           0 :                 if (x[j] != HUGE_VAL && y[j] != HUGE_VAL)
    2128             :                 {
    2129           0 :                     minx = std::min(minx, x[j]);
    2130           0 :                     miny = std::min(miny, y[j]);
    2131           0 :                     maxx = std::max(maxx, x[j]);
    2132           0 :                     maxy = std::max(maxy, y[j]);
    2133             :                 }
    2134             :             }
    2135             :         }
    2136             : 
    2137           0 :         if (minx <= maxx)
    2138             :         {
    2139           0 :             CPLString osProjString;
    2140           0 :             const double accuracy = proj_coordoperation_get_accuracy(ctx, op);
    2141           0 :             auto pj = op_to_pj(ctx, op, &osProjString);
    2142           0 :             CPLString osName;
    2143           0 :             auto name = proj_get_name(op);
    2144           0 :             if (name)
    2145           0 :                 osName = name;
    2146           0 :             proj_destroy(op);
    2147           0 :             op = nullptr;
    2148           0 :             if (pj)
    2149             :             {
    2150             :                 m_oTransformations.emplace_back(minx, miny, maxx, maxy, pj,
    2151           0 :                                                 osName, osProjString, accuracy);
    2152             :             }
    2153             :         }
    2154           0 :         return op;
    2155           0 :     };
    2156             : 
    2157             :     // Iterate over source->target candidate transformations and reproject
    2158             :     // their long-lat bounding box into the source CRS.
    2159           0 :     bool foundWorldTransformation = false;
    2160           0 :     for (int i = 0; i < op_count; i++)
    2161             :     {
    2162           0 :         auto op = proj_list_get(ctx, op_list, i);
    2163           0 :         CPLAssert(op);
    2164           0 :         double west_lon = 0.0;
    2165           0 :         double south_lat = 0.0;
    2166           0 :         double east_lon = 0.0;
    2167           0 :         double north_lat = 0.0;
    2168           0 :         if (proj_get_area_of_use(ctx, op, &west_lon, &south_lat, &east_lon,
    2169           0 :                                  &north_lat, nullptr))
    2170             :         {
    2171           0 :             if (west_lon <= east_lon)
    2172             :             {
    2173           0 :                 if (west_lon == -180 && east_lon == 180 && south_lat == -90 &&
    2174           0 :                     north_lat == 90)
    2175             :                 {
    2176           0 :                     foundWorldTransformation = true;
    2177             :                 }
    2178           0 :                 op = addTransformation(op, west_lon, south_lat, east_lon,
    2179             :                                        north_lat);
    2180             :             }
    2181             :             else
    2182             :             {
    2183           0 :                 auto op_clone = proj_clone(ctx, op);
    2184             : 
    2185           0 :                 op = addTransformation(op, west_lon, south_lat, 180, north_lat);
    2186           0 :                 op_clone = addTransformation(op_clone, -180, south_lat,
    2187             :                                              east_lon, north_lat);
    2188           0 :                 proj_destroy(op_clone);
    2189             :             }
    2190             :         }
    2191             : 
    2192           0 :         proj_destroy(op);
    2193             :     }
    2194             : 
    2195           0 :     proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2196             : 
    2197             :     // Sometimes the user will operate even outside the area of use of the
    2198             :     // source and target CRS, so if no global transformation has been returned
    2199             :     // previously, trigger the computation of one.
    2200           0 :     if (!foundWorldTransformation)
    2201             :     {
    2202           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_area_of_interest(ctx, operation_ctx,
    2203             :                                                             -180, -90, 180, 90);
    2204           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_spatial_criterion(
    2205             :             ctx, operation_ctx, PROJ_SPATIAL_CRITERION_STRICT_CONTAINMENT);
    2206           0 :         op_list = proj_create_operations(ctx, src, dst, operation_ctx);
    2207           0 :         if (op_list)
    2208             :         {
    2209           0 :             op_count = proj_list_get_count(op_list);
    2210           0 :             for (int i = 0; i < op_count; i++)
    2211             :             {
    2212           0 :                 auto op = proj_list_get(ctx, op_list, i);
    2213           0 :                 CPLAssert(op);
    2214           0 :                 double west_lon = 0.0;
    2215           0 :                 double south_lat = 0.0;
    2216           0 :                 double east_lon = 0.0;
    2217           0 :                 double north_lat = 0.0;
    2218           0 :                 if (proj_get_area_of_use(ctx, op, &west_lon, &south_lat,
    2219           0 :                                          &east_lon, &north_lat, nullptr) &&
    2220           0 :                     west_lon == -180 && east_lon == 180 && south_lat == -90 &&
    2221           0 :                     north_lat == 90)
    2222             :                 {
    2223           0 :                     op = addTransformation(op, west_lon, south_lat, east_lon,
    2224             :                                            north_lat);
    2225             :                 }
    2226           0 :                 proj_destroy(op);
    2227             :             }
    2228             :         }
    2229           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2230             :     }
    2231             : 
    2232           0 :     proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2233           0 :     proj_destroy(src);
    2234           0 :     proj_destroy(dst);
    2235           0 :     proj_destroy(pjGeogToSrc);
    2236           0 :     return !m_oTransformations.empty();
    2237             : }
    2238             : 
    2239             : /************************************************************************/
    2240             : /*                            GetSourceCS()                             */
    2241             : /************************************************************************/
    2242             : 
    2243        4883 : const OGRSpatialReference *OGRProjCT::GetSourceCS() const
    2244             : 
    2245             : {
    2246        4883 :     return poSRSSource;
    2247             : }
    2248             : 
    2249             : /************************************************************************/
    2250             : /*                            GetTargetCS()                             */
    2251             : /************************************************************************/
    2252             : 
    2253        2796 : const OGRSpatialReference *OGRProjCT::GetTargetCS() const
    2254             : 
    2255             : {
    2256        2796 :     return poSRSTarget;
    2257             : }
    2258             : 
    2259             : /************************************************************************/
    2260             : /*                             Transform()                              */
    2261             : /************************************************************************/
    2262             : 
    2263      200882 : int OGRCoordinateTransformation::Transform(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y,
    2264             :                                            double *z, int *pabSuccessIn)
    2265             : 
    2266             : {
    2267             :     int *pabSuccess =
    2268             :         pabSuccessIn
    2269      200882 :             ? pabSuccessIn
    2270      199296 :             : static_cast<int *>(VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(sizeof(int), nCount));
    2271      200882 :     if (!pabSuccess)
    2272           0 :         return FALSE;
    2273             : 
    2274      200882 :     const int bRet = Transform(nCount, x, y, z, nullptr, pabSuccess);
    2275             : 
    2276      200882 :     if (pabSuccess != pabSuccessIn)
    2277      199296 :         CPLFree(pabSuccess);
    2278             : 
    2279      200882 :     return bRet;
    2280             : }
    2281             : 
    2282             : /************************************************************************/
    2283             : /*                      TransformWithErrorCodes()                       */
    2284             : /************************************************************************/
    2285             : 
    2286        3976 : int OGRCoordinateTransformation::TransformWithErrorCodes(size_t nCount,
    2287             :                                                          double *x, double *y,
    2288             :                                                          double *z, double *t,
    2289             :                                                          int *panErrorCodes)
    2290             : 
    2291             : {
    2292        3976 :     if (nCount == 1)
    2293             :     {
    2294        3976 :         int nSuccess = 0;
    2295        3976 :         const int bRet = Transform(nCount, x, y, z, t, &nSuccess);
    2296        3976 :         if (panErrorCodes)
    2297             :         {
    2298        3976 :             panErrorCodes[0] = nSuccess ? 0 : -1;
    2299             :         }
    2300        3976 :         return bRet;
    2301             :     }
    2302             : 
    2303           0 :     std::vector<int> abSuccess;
    2304             :     try
    2305             :     {
    2306           0 :         abSuccess.resize(nCount);
    2307             :     }
    2308           0 :     catch (const std::bad_alloc &)
    2309             :     {
    2310           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory,
    2311             :                  "Cannot allocate abSuccess[] temporary array");
    2312           0 :         return FALSE;
    2313             :     }
    2314             : 
    2315           0 :     const int bRet = Transform(nCount, x, y, z, t, abSuccess.data());
    2316             : 
    2317           0 :     if (panErrorCodes)
    2318             :     {
    2319           0 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2320             :         {
    2321           0 :             panErrorCodes[i] = abSuccess[i] ? 0 : -1;
    2322             :         }
    2323             :     }
    2324             : 
    2325           0 :     return bRet;
    2326             : }
    2327             : 
    2328             : /************************************************************************/
    2329             : /*                             Transform()                             */
    2330             : /************************************************************************/
    2331             : 
    2332     2085410 : int OGRProjCT::Transform(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z,
    2333             :                          double *t, int *pabSuccess)
    2334             : 
    2335             : {
    2336     2085410 :     const int bRet = TransformWithErrorCodes(nCount, x, y, z, t, pabSuccess);
    2337             : 
    2338     2085420 :     if (pabSuccess)
    2339             :     {
    2340    14844600 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2341             :         {
    2342    12759200 :             pabSuccess[i] = (pabSuccess[i] == 0);
    2343             :         }
    2344             :     }
    2345             : 
    2346     2085420 :     return bRet;
    2347             : }
    2348             : 
    2349             : /************************************************************************/
    2350             : /*                       TransformWithErrorCodes()                      */
    2351             : /************************************************************************/
    2352             : 
    2353             : #ifndef PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_INVALID_COORD
    2354             : #define PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_INVALID_COORD 2049
    2355             : #define PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN 2050
    2356             : #define PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_NO_OPERATION 2051
    2357             : #endif
    2358             : 
    2359     2098690 : int OGRProjCT::TransformWithErrorCodes(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y,
    2360             :                                        double *z, double *t, int *panErrorCodes)
    2361             : 
    2362             : {
    2363     2098690 :     if (nCount == 0)
    2364           0 :         return TRUE;
    2365             : 
    2366             :     // Prevent any coordinate modification when possible
    2367     2098690 :     if (bNoTransform)
    2368             :     {
    2369        2028 :         if (panErrorCodes)
    2370             :         {
    2371        5450 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2372             :             {
    2373        4022 :                 panErrorCodes[i] = 0;
    2374             :             }
    2375             :         }
    2376        2028 :         return TRUE;
    2377             :     }
    2378             : 
    2379             : #ifdef DEBUG_VERBOSE
    2380             :     bool bDebugCT = CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_DEBUG", "NO"));
    2381             :     if (bDebugCT)
    2382             :     {
    2383             :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "count = %d", nCount);
    2384             :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; ++i)
    2385             :         {
    2386             :             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "  x[%d] = %.16g y[%d] = %.16g", int(i), x[i],
    2387             :                      int(i), y[i]);
    2388             :         }
    2389             :     }
    2390             : #endif
    2391             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    2392             :     // CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Begin TransformWithErrorCodes()");
    2393             :     struct CPLTimeVal tvStart;
    2394             :     CPLGettimeofday(&tvStart, nullptr);
    2395             : #endif
    2396             : 
    2397             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2398             :     /*      Apply data axis to source CRS mapping.                          */
    2399             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2400             : 
    2401             :     // Since we may swap the x and y pointers, but cannot tell the caller about this swap,
    2402             :     // we save the original pointer. The same axis swap code is executed for poSRSTarget.
    2403             :     // If this nullifies, we save the swap of both axes
    2404     2096660 :     const auto xOriginal = x;
    2405             : 
    2406     2096660 :     if (poSRSSource)
    2407             :     {
    2408     2095730 :         const auto &mapping = poSRSSource->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    2409     2095740 :         if (mapping.size() >= 2)
    2410             :         {
    2411     2095740 :             if (std::abs(mapping[0]) == 2 && std::abs(mapping[1]) == 1)
    2412             :             {
    2413     1592370 :                 std::swap(x, y);
    2414             :             }
    2415     2095710 :             const bool bNegateX = mapping[0] < 0;
    2416     2095710 :             if (bNegateX)
    2417             :             {
    2418           2 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2419             :                 {
    2420           1 :                     x[i] = -x[i];
    2421             :                 }
    2422             :             }
    2423     2095710 :             const bool bNegateY = mapping[1] < 0;
    2424     2095720 :             if (bNegateY)
    2425             :             {
    2426           0 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2427             :                 {
    2428           0 :                     y[i] = -y[i];
    2429             :                 }
    2430             :             }
    2431     2095720 :             if (z && mapping.size() >= 3 && mapping[2] == -3)
    2432             :             {
    2433           2 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2434             :                 {
    2435           1 :                     z[i] = -z[i];
    2436             :                 }
    2437             :             }
    2438             :         }
    2439             :     }
    2440             : 
    2441             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2442             :     /*      Potentially do longitude wrapping.                              */
    2443             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2444     2096650 :     if (bSourceLatLong && bSourceWrap)
    2445             :     {
    2446      203772 :         if (m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East)
    2447             :         {
    2448       11402 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2449             :             {
    2450       10311 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2451             :                 {
    2452       10311 :                     if (x[i] < dfSourceWrapLong - 180.0)
    2453           0 :                         x[i] += 360.0;
    2454       10311 :                     else if (x[i] > dfSourceWrapLong + 180)
    2455           0 :                         x[i] -= 360.0;
    2456             :                 }
    2457             :             }
    2458             :         }
    2459             :         else
    2460             :         {
    2461      632657 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2462             :             {
    2463      429976 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2464             :                 {
    2465      428646 :                     if (y[i] < dfSourceWrapLong - 180.0)
    2466          35 :                         y[i] += 360.0;
    2467      428611 :                     else if (y[i] > dfSourceWrapLong + 180)
    2468          34 :                         y[i] -= 360.0;
    2469             :                 }
    2470             :             }
    2471             :         }
    2472             :     }
    2473             : 
    2474             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2475             :     /*      Optimized transform from WebMercator to WGS84                   */
    2476             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2477     2096650 :     bool bTransformDone = false;
    2478     2096650 :     int bRet = TRUE;
    2479     2096650 :     if (bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat)
    2480             :     {
    2481      158488 :         constexpr double REVERSE_SPHERE_RADIUS = 1.0 / 6378137.0;
    2482             : 
    2483      158488 :         if (m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient != OAO_East)
    2484             :         {
    2485           0 :             std::swap(x, y);
    2486             :         }
    2487             : 
    2488      158486 :         double y0 = y[0];
    2489     1419820 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2490             :         {
    2491     1261330 :             if (x[i] == HUGE_VAL)
    2492             :             {
    2493           0 :                 bRet = FALSE;
    2494             :             }
    2495             :             else
    2496             :             {
    2497     1261330 :                 x[i] = x[i] * REVERSE_SPHERE_RADIUS;
    2498     1261330 :                 if (x[i] > M_PI)
    2499             :                 {
    2500         711 :                     if (x[i] < M_PI + 1e-14)
    2501             :                     {
    2502         138 :                         x[i] = M_PI;
    2503             :                     }
    2504         573 :                     else if (m_options.d->bCheckWithInvertProj)
    2505             :                     {
    2506           0 :                         x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2507           0 :                         y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2508           0 :                         y0 = HUGE_VAL;
    2509           0 :                         continue;
    2510             :                     }
    2511             :                     else
    2512             :                     {
    2513           2 :                         do
    2514             :                         {
    2515         575 :                             x[i] -= 2 * M_PI;
    2516         575 :                         } while (x[i] > M_PI);
    2517             :                     }
    2518             :                 }
    2519     1260620 :                 else if (x[i] < -M_PI)
    2520             :                 {
    2521         835 :                     if (x[i] > -M_PI - 1e-14)
    2522             :                     {
    2523           8 :                         x[i] = -M_PI;
    2524             :                     }
    2525         827 :                     else if (m_options.d->bCheckWithInvertProj)
    2526             :                     {
    2527           2 :                         x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2528           2 :                         y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2529           2 :                         y0 = HUGE_VAL;
    2530           2 :                         continue;
    2531             :                     }
    2532             :                     else
    2533             :                     {
    2534           0 :                         do
    2535             :                         {
    2536         830 :                             x[i] += 2 * M_PI;
    2537         830 :                         } while (x[i] < -M_PI);
    2538             :                     }
    2539             :                 }
    2540     1261330 :                 constexpr double RAD_TO_DEG = 180. / M_PI;
    2541     1261330 :                 x[i] *= RAD_TO_DEG;
    2542             : 
    2543             :                 // Optimization for the case where we are provided a whole line
    2544             :                 // of same northing.
    2545     1261330 :                 if (i > 0 && y[i] == y0)
    2546      673122 :                     y[i] = y[0];
    2547             :                 else
    2548             :                 {
    2549      588211 :                     y[i] = M_PI / 2.0 -
    2550      588211 :                            2.0 * atan(exp(-y[i] * REVERSE_SPHERE_RADIUS));
    2551      588211 :                     y[i] *= RAD_TO_DEG;
    2552             :                 }
    2553             :             }
    2554             :         }
    2555             : 
    2556      158491 :         if (panErrorCodes)
    2557             :         {
    2558     1419880 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2559             :             {
    2560     1261400 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2561     1261340 :                     panErrorCodes[i] = 0;
    2562             :                 else
    2563          57 :                     panErrorCodes[i] =
    2564             :                         PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN;
    2565             :             }
    2566             :         }
    2567             : 
    2568      158491 :         if (m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient != OAO_East)
    2569             :         {
    2570      157490 :             std::swap(x, y);
    2571             :         }
    2572             : 
    2573      158460 :         bTransformDone = true;
    2574             :     }
    2575             : 
    2576             :     // Determine the default coordinate epoch, if not provided in the point to
    2577             :     // transform.
    2578             :     // For time-dependent transformations, PROJ can currently only do
    2579             :     // staticCRS -> dynamicCRS or dynamicCRS -> staticCRS transformations, and
    2580             :     // in either case, the coordinate epoch of the dynamicCRS must be provided
    2581             :     // as the input time.
    2582     2096620 :     double dfDefaultTime = HUGE_VAL;
    2583     2026070 :     if (bSourceIsDynamicCRS && dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0 &&
    2584     4122720 :         !bTargetIsDynamicCRS &&
    2585           4 :         CPLTestBool(
    2586             :             CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_USE_SRS_COORDINATE_EPOCH", "YES")))
    2587             :     {
    2588           4 :         dfDefaultTime = dfSourceCoordinateEpoch;
    2589           4 :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Using coordinate epoch %f from source CRS",
    2590             :                  dfDefaultTime);
    2591             :     }
    2592     1837290 :     else if (bTargetIsDynamicCRS && dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0 &&
    2593     3933930 :              !bSourceIsDynamicCRS &&
    2594           2 :              CPLTestBool(
    2595             :                  CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_USE_SRS_COORDINATE_EPOCH", "YES")))
    2596             :     {
    2597           2 :         dfDefaultTime = dfTargetCoordinateEpoch;
    2598           2 :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Using coordinate epoch %f from target CRS",
    2599             :                  dfDefaultTime);
    2600             :     }
    2601             : 
    2602             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2603             :     /*      Select dynamically the best transformation for the data, if     */
    2604             :     /*      needed.                                                         */
    2605             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2606     2096640 :     auto ctx = OSRGetProjTLSContext();
    2607             : 
    2608     2096680 :     PJ *pj = m_pj;
    2609     2096680 :     if (!bTransformDone && !pj)
    2610             :     {
    2611           0 :         double avgX = 0.0;
    2612           0 :         double avgY = 0.0;
    2613           0 :         size_t nCountValid = 0;
    2614           0 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2615             :         {
    2616           0 :             if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2617             :             {
    2618           0 :                 avgX += x[i];
    2619           0 :                 avgY += y[i];
    2620           0 :                 nCountValid++;
    2621             :             }
    2622             :         }
    2623           0 :         if (nCountValid != 0)
    2624             :         {
    2625           0 :             avgX /= static_cast<double>(nCountValid);
    2626           0 :             avgY /= static_cast<double>(nCountValid);
    2627             :         }
    2628             : 
    2629           0 :         constexpr int N_MAX_RETRY = 2;
    2630           0 :         int iExcluded[N_MAX_RETRY] = {-1, -1};
    2631             : 
    2632           0 :         const int nOperations = static_cast<int>(m_oTransformations.size());
    2633             :         PJ_COORD coord;
    2634           0 :         coord.xyzt.x = avgX;
    2635           0 :         coord.xyzt.y = avgY;
    2636           0 :         coord.xyzt.z = z ? z[0] : 0;
    2637           0 :         coord.xyzt.t = t ? t[0] : dfDefaultTime;
    2638             : 
    2639             :         // We may need several attempts. For example the point at
    2640             :         // lon=-111.5 lat=45.26 falls into the bounding box of the Canadian
    2641             :         // ntv2_0.gsb grid, except that it is not in any of the subgrids, being
    2642             :         // in the US. We thus need another retry that will select the conus
    2643             :         // grid.
    2644           0 :         for (int iRetry = 0; iRetry <= N_MAX_RETRY; iRetry++)
    2645             :         {
    2646           0 :             int iBestTransf = -1;
    2647             :             // Select transform whose BBOX match our data and has the best
    2648             :             // accuracy if m_eStrategy == BEST_ACCURACY. Or just the first BBOX
    2649             :             // matching one, if
    2650             :             //  m_eStrategy == FIRST_MATCHING
    2651           0 :             double dfBestAccuracy = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
    2652           0 :             for (int i = 0; i < nOperations; i++)
    2653             :             {
    2654           0 :                 if (i == iExcluded[0] || i == iExcluded[1])
    2655             :                 {
    2656           0 :                     continue;
    2657             :                 }
    2658           0 :                 const auto &transf = m_oTransformations[i];
    2659           0 :                 if (avgX >= transf.minx && avgX <= transf.maxx &&
    2660           0 :                     avgY >= transf.miny && avgY <= transf.maxy &&
    2661           0 :                     (iBestTransf < 0 || (transf.accuracy >= 0 &&
    2662           0 :                                          transf.accuracy < dfBestAccuracy)))
    2663             :                 {
    2664           0 :                     iBestTransf = i;
    2665           0 :                     dfBestAccuracy = transf.accuracy;
    2666           0 :                     if (m_eStrategy == Strategy::FIRST_MATCHING)
    2667           0 :                         break;
    2668             :                 }
    2669             :             }
    2670           0 :             if (iBestTransf < 0)
    2671             :             {
    2672           0 :                 break;
    2673             :             }
    2674           0 :             auto &transf = m_oTransformations[iBestTransf];
    2675           0 :             pj = transf.pj;
    2676           0 :             proj_assign_context(pj, ctx);
    2677           0 :             if (iBestTransf != m_iCurTransformation)
    2678             :             {
    2679           0 :                 CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Selecting transformation %s (%s)",
    2680             :                          transf.osProjString.c_str(), transf.osName.c_str());
    2681           0 :                 m_iCurTransformation = iBestTransf;
    2682             :             }
    2683             : 
    2684           0 :             auto res = proj_trans(pj, m_bReversePj ? PJ_INV : PJ_FWD, coord);
    2685           0 :             if (res.xyzt.x != HUGE_VAL)
    2686             :             {
    2687           0 :                 break;
    2688             :             }
    2689           0 :             pj = nullptr;
    2690           0 :             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Did not result in valid result. "
    2691             :                               "Attempting a retry with another operation.");
    2692           0 :             if (iRetry == N_MAX_RETRY)
    2693             :             {
    2694           0 :                 break;
    2695             :             }
    2696           0 :             iExcluded[iRetry] = iBestTransf;
    2697             :         }
    2698             : 
    2699           0 :         if (!pj)
    2700             :         {
    2701             :             // In case we did not find an operation whose area of use is
    2702             :             // compatible with the input coordinate, then goes through again the
    2703             :             // list, and use the first operation that does not require grids.
    2704           0 :             for (int i = 0; i < nOperations; i++)
    2705             :             {
    2706           0 :                 auto &transf = m_oTransformations[i];
    2707           0 :                 if (proj_coordoperation_get_grid_used_count(ctx, transf.pj) ==
    2708             :                     0)
    2709             :                 {
    2710           0 :                     pj = transf.pj;
    2711           0 :                     proj_assign_context(pj, ctx);
    2712           0 :                     if (i != m_iCurTransformation)
    2713             :                     {
    2714           0 :                         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Selecting transformation %s (%s)",
    2715             :                                  transf.osProjString.c_str(),
    2716             :                                  transf.osName.c_str());
    2717           0 :                         m_iCurTransformation = i;
    2718             :                     }
    2719           0 :                     break;
    2720             :                 }
    2721             :             }
    2722             :         }
    2723             : 
    2724           0 :         if (!pj)
    2725             :         {
    2726           0 :             if (m_bEmitErrors && ++nErrorCount < 20)
    2727             :             {
    2728           0 :                 CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2729             :                          "Cannot find transformation for provided coordinates");
    2730             :             }
    2731           0 :             else if (nErrorCount == 20)
    2732             :             {
    2733           0 :                 CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2734             :                          "Reprojection failed, further errors will be "
    2735             :                          "suppressed on the transform object.");
    2736             :             }
    2737             : 
    2738           0 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2739             :             {
    2740           0 :                 x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2741           0 :                 y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2742           0 :                 if (panErrorCodes)
    2743           0 :                     panErrorCodes[i] = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_NO_OPERATION;
    2744             :             }
    2745           0 :             return FALSE;
    2746             :         }
    2747             :     }
    2748     2096680 :     if (pj)
    2749             :     {
    2750     2095800 :         proj_assign_context(pj, ctx);
    2751             :     }
    2752             : 
    2753             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2754             :     /*      Do the transformation (or not...) using PROJ                    */
    2755             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2756             : 
    2757     2096520 :     if (!bTransformDone)
    2758             :     {
    2759     1938180 :         const auto nLastErrorCounter = CPLGetErrorCounter();
    2760             : 
    2761    13461300 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2762             :         {
    2763             :             PJ_COORD coord;
    2764    11523200 :             const double xIn = x[i];
    2765    11523200 :             const double yIn = y[i];
    2766    11523200 :             if (!std::isfinite(xIn))
    2767             :             {
    2768       10681 :                 bRet = FALSE;
    2769       10681 :                 x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2770       10681 :                 y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2771       10681 :                 if (panErrorCodes)
    2772       10681 :                     panErrorCodes[i] = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_INVALID_COORD;
    2773       10681 :                 continue;
    2774             :             }
    2775    11512500 :             coord.xyzt.x = x[i];
    2776    11512500 :             coord.xyzt.y = y[i];
    2777    11512500 :             coord.xyzt.z = z ? z[i] : 0;
    2778    11512500 :             coord.xyzt.t = t ? t[i] : dfDefaultTime;
    2779    11512500 :             proj_errno_reset(pj);
    2780    11512500 :             coord = proj_trans(pj, m_bReversePj ? PJ_INV : PJ_FWD, coord);
    2781             : #if 0
    2782             :             CPLDebug("OGRCT",
    2783             :                      "Transforming (x=%f,y=%f,z=%f,time=%f) to "
    2784             :                      "(x=%f,y=%f,z=%f,time=%f)",
    2785             :                      x[i], y[i], z ? z[i] : 0, t ? t[i] : dfDefaultTime,
    2786             :                      coord.xyzt.x, coord.xyzt.y, coord.xyzt.z, coord.xyzt.t);
    2787             : #endif
    2788    11512500 :             x[i] = coord.xyzt.x;
    2789    11512500 :             y[i] = coord.xyzt.y;
    2790    11512500 :             if (z)
    2791    11474100 :                 z[i] = coord.xyzt.z;
    2792    11512500 :             if (t)
    2793          25 :                 t[i] = coord.xyzt.t;
    2794    11512500 :             int err = 0;
    2795    11512500 :             if (std::isnan(coord.xyzt.x))
    2796             :             {
    2797         141 :                 bRet = FALSE;
    2798             :                 // This shouldn't normally happen if PROJ projections behave
    2799             :                 // correctly, but e.g inverse laea before PROJ 8.1.1 could
    2800             :                 // do that for points out of domain.
    2801             :                 // See https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/pull/2800
    2802         141 :                 x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2803         141 :                 y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2804         141 :                 err = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN;
    2805             : 
    2806             : #ifdef DEBUG
    2807         141 :                 CPLErrorOnce(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2808             :                              "PROJ returned a NaN value. It should be fixed");
    2809             : #else
    2810             :                 CPLDebugOnce("OGR_CT",
    2811             :                              "PROJ returned a NaN value. It should be fixed");
    2812             : #endif
    2813             :             }
    2814    11512300 :             else if (coord.xyzt.x == HUGE_VAL)
    2815             :             {
    2816     3388880 :                 bRet = FALSE;
    2817     3388880 :                 err = proj_errno(pj);
    2818             :                 // PROJ should normally emit an error, but in case it does not
    2819             :                 // (e.g PROJ 6.3 with the +ortho projection), synthesize one
    2820     3388880 :                 if (err == 0)
    2821     3363770 :                     err = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN;
    2822             :             }
    2823             :             else
    2824             :             {
    2825     8123460 :                 if (m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed &&
    2826       60989 :                     !m_differentOperationsUsed)
    2827             :                 {
    2828             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 9 ||                                                  \
    2829             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 1)
    2830             : 
    2831             :                     PJ *lastOp = proj_trans_get_last_used_operation(pj);
    2832             :                     if (lastOp)
    2833             :                     {
    2834             :                         const char *projString = proj_as_proj_string(
    2835             :                             ctx, lastOp, PJ_PROJ_5, nullptr);
    2836             :                         if (projString)
    2837             :                         {
    2838             :                             if (m_lastPjUsedPROJString.empty())
    2839             :                             {
    2840             :                                 m_lastPjUsedPROJString = projString;
    2841             :                             }
    2842             :                             else if (m_lastPjUsedPROJString != projString)
    2843             :                             {
    2844             :                                 m_differentOperationsUsed = true;
    2845             :                             }
    2846             :                         }
    2847             :                         proj_destroy(lastOp);
    2848             :                     }
    2849             : #endif
    2850             :                 }
    2851             : 
    2852     8123460 :                 if (m_options.d->bCheckWithInvertProj)
    2853             :                 {
    2854             :                     // For some projections, we cannot detect if we are trying to
    2855             :                     // reproject coordinates outside the validity area of the
    2856             :                     // projection. So let's do the reverse reprojection and compare
    2857             :                     // with the source coordinates.
    2858             :                     coord =
    2859     1836040 :                         proj_trans(pj, m_bReversePj ? PJ_FWD : PJ_INV, coord);
    2860     1836040 :                     if (fabs(coord.xyzt.x - xIn) > dfThreshold ||
    2861     1684050 :                         fabs(coord.xyzt.y - yIn) > dfThreshold)
    2862             :                     {
    2863      154814 :                         bRet = FALSE;
    2864      154814 :                         err = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN;
    2865      154814 :                         x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2866      154814 :                         y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2867             :                     }
    2868             :                 }
    2869             :             }
    2870             : 
    2871    11512500 :             if (panErrorCodes)
    2872    11511000 :                 panErrorCodes[i] = err;
    2873             : 
    2874             :             /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
    2875             :              */
    2876             :             /*      Try to report an error through CPL.  Get proj error string
    2877             :              */
    2878             :             /*      if possible.  Try to avoid reporting thousands of errors. */
    2879             :             /*      Suppress further error reporting on this OGRProjCT if we */
    2880             :             /*      have already reported 20 errors. */
    2881             :             /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
    2882             :              */
    2883    11512500 :             if (err != 0)
    2884             :             {
    2885     3543830 :                 if (++nErrorCount < 20)
    2886             :                 {
    2887             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR >= 8
    2888             :                     const char *pszError = proj_context_errno_string(ctx, err);
    2889             : #else
    2890        3990 :                     const char *pszError = proj_errno_string(err);
    2891             : #endif
    2892        3990 :                     if (m_bEmitErrors
    2893             : #ifdef PROJ_ERR_OTHER_NO_INVERSE_OP
    2894             :                         || (i == 0 && err == PROJ_ERR_OTHER_NO_INVERSE_OP)
    2895             : #endif
    2896             :                     )
    2897             :                     {
    2898         493 :                         if (nLastErrorCounter != CPLGetErrorCounter() &&
    2899         755 :                             CPLGetLastErrorType() == CE_Failure &&
    2900         262 :                             strstr(CPLGetLastErrorMsg(), "PROJ:"))
    2901             :                         {
    2902             :                             // do nothing
    2903             :                         }
    2904         493 :                         else if (pszError == nullptr)
    2905           0 :                             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2906             :                                      "Reprojection failed, err = %d", err);
    2907             :                         else
    2908         493 :                             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s",
    2909             :                                      pszError);
    2910             :                     }
    2911             :                     else
    2912             :                     {
    2913        3497 :                         if (pszError == nullptr)
    2914           0 :                             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Reprojection failed, err = %d",
    2915             :                                      err);
    2916             :                         else
    2917        3497 :                             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "%s", pszError);
    2918             :                     }
    2919             :                 }
    2920     3539840 :                 else if (nErrorCount == 20)
    2921             :                 {
    2922         182 :                     if (m_bEmitErrors)
    2923             :                     {
    2924          14 :                         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2925             :                                  "Reprojection failed, err = %d, further "
    2926             :                                  "errors will be "
    2927             :                                  "suppressed on the transform object.",
    2928             :                                  err);
    2929             :                     }
    2930             :                     else
    2931             :                     {
    2932         168 :                         CPLDebug("OGRCT",
    2933             :                                  "Reprojection failed, err = %d, further "
    2934             :                                  "errors will be "
    2935             :                                  "suppressed on the transform object.",
    2936             :                                  err);
    2937             :                     }
    2938             :                 }
    2939             :             }
    2940             :         }
    2941             :     }
    2942             : 
    2943             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2944             :     /*      Potentially do longitude wrapping.                              */
    2945             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2946     2096480 :     if (bTargetLatLong && bTargetWrap)
    2947             :     {
    2948      673357 :         if (m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East)
    2949             :         {
    2950       17007 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2951             :             {
    2952       13898 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2953             :                 {
    2954       13898 :                     if (x[i] < dfTargetWrapLong - 180.0)
    2955           0 :                         x[i] += 360.0;
    2956       13898 :                     else if (x[i] > dfTargetWrapLong + 180)
    2957         154 :                         x[i] -= 360.0;
    2958             :                 }
    2959             :             }
    2960             :         }
    2961             :         else
    2962             :         {
    2963     9175960 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2964             :             {
    2965     8505710 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2966             :                 {
    2967     5059750 :                     if (y[i] < dfTargetWrapLong - 180.0)
    2968        5849 :                         y[i] += 360.0;
    2969     5053900 :                     else if (y[i] > dfTargetWrapLong + 180)
    2970       27852 :                         y[i] -= 360.0;
    2971             :                 }
    2972             :             }
    2973             :         }
    2974             :     }
    2975             : 
    2976             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2977             :     /*      Apply data axis to target CRS mapping.                          */
    2978             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2979     2096480 :     if (poSRSTarget)
    2980             :     {
    2981     2095730 :         const auto &mapping = poSRSTarget->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    2982     2095740 :         if (mapping.size() >= 2)
    2983             :         {
    2984     2095740 :             const bool bNegateX = mapping[0] < 0;
    2985     2095730 :             if (bNegateX)
    2986             :             {
    2987           2 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2988             :                 {
    2989           1 :                     x[i] = -x[i];
    2990             :                 }
    2991             :             }
    2992     2095730 :             const bool bNegateY = mapping[1] < 0;
    2993     2095730 :             if (bNegateY)
    2994             :             {
    2995           0 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2996             :                 {
    2997           0 :                     y[i] = -y[i];
    2998             :                 }
    2999             :             }
    3000     2095730 :             if (z && mapping.size() >= 3 && mapping[2] == -3)
    3001             :             {
    3002           2 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    3003             :                 {
    3004           1 :                     z[i] = -z[i];
    3005             :                 }
    3006             :             }
    3007             : 
    3008     2095730 :             if (std::abs(mapping[0]) == 2 && std::abs(mapping[1]) == 1)
    3009             :             {
    3010      893535 :                 std::swap(x, y);
    3011             :             }
    3012             :         }
    3013             :     }
    3014             : 
    3015             :     // Check whether final "genuine" axis swap is really necessary
    3016     2096490 :     if (x != xOriginal)
    3017             :     {
    3018     1317560 :         std::swap_ranges(x, x + nCount, y);
    3019             :     }
    3020             : 
    3021             : #ifdef DEBUG_VERBOSE
    3022             :     if (bDebugCT)
    3023             :     {
    3024             :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Out:");
    3025             :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; ++i)
    3026             :         {
    3027             :             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "  x[%d] = %.16g y[%d] = %.16g", int(i), x[i],
    3028             :                      int(i), y[i]);
    3029             :         }
    3030             :     }
    3031             : #endif
    3032             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    3033             :     struct CPLTimeVal tvEnd;
    3034             :     CPLGettimeofday(&tvEnd, nullptr);
    3035             :     const double delay = (tvEnd.tv_sec + tvEnd.tv_usec * 1e-6) -
    3036             :                          (tvStart.tv_sec + tvStart.tv_usec * 1e-6);
    3037             :     g_dfTotalTimeReprojection += delay;
    3038             :     // CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "End TransformWithErrorCodes(): %d ms",
    3039             :     //          static_cast<int>(delay * 1000));
    3040             : #endif
    3041             : 
    3042     2096660 :     return bRet;
    3043             : }
    3044             : 
    3045             : /************************************************************************/
    3046             : /*                      TransformBounds()                       */
    3047             : /************************************************************************/
    3048             : 
    3049             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3050         801 : static double simple_min(const double *data, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3051             :                          const int arr_len)
    3052             : {
    3053         801 :     double min_value = HUGE_VAL;
    3054       25357 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < arr_len; iii++)
    3055             :     {
    3056       24556 :         if ((data[iii] < min_value || min_value == HUGE_VAL) &&
    3057        5945 :             panErrorCodes[iii] == 0)
    3058        5822 :             min_value = data[iii];
    3059             :     }
    3060         801 :     return min_value;
    3061             : }
    3062             : 
    3063             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3064         801 : static double simple_max(const double *data, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3065             :                          const int arr_len)
    3066             : {
    3067         801 :     double max_value = HUGE_VAL;
    3068       25281 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < arr_len; iii++)
    3069             :     {
    3070       24480 :         if ((data[iii] > max_value || max_value == HUGE_VAL) &&
    3071        5163 :             panErrorCodes[iii] == 0)
    3072        3104 :             max_value = data[iii];
    3073             :     }
    3074         801 :     return max_value;
    3075             : }
    3076             : 
    3077             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3078       18234 : static int _find_previous_index(const int iii, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3079             :                                 const int arr_len)
    3080             : {
    3081             :     // find index of nearest valid previous value if exists
    3082       18234 :     int prev_iii = iii - 1;
    3083       18234 :     if (prev_iii == -1)  // handle wraparound
    3084         396 :         prev_iii = arr_len - 1;
    3085       18256 :     while (panErrorCodes[prev_iii] != 0 && prev_iii != iii)
    3086             :     {
    3087          22 :         prev_iii--;
    3088          22 :         if (prev_iii == -1)  // handle wraparound
    3089           2 :             prev_iii = arr_len - 1;
    3090             :     }
    3091       18234 :     return prev_iii;
    3092             : }
    3093             : 
    3094             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3095             : /******************************************************************************
    3096             : Handles the case when longitude values cross the antimeridian
    3097             : when calculating the minimum.
    3098             : Note: The data array must be in a linear ring.
    3099             : Note: This requires a densified ring with at least 2 additional
    3100             :         points per edge to correctly handle global extents.
    3101             : If only 1 additional point:
    3102             :     |        |
    3103             :     |RL--x0--|RL--
    3104             :     |        |
    3105             : -180    180|-180
    3106             : If they are evenly spaced and it crosses the antimeridian:
    3107             : x0 - L = 180
    3108             : R - x0 = -180
    3109             : For example:
    3110             : Let R = -179.9, x0 = 0.1, L = -179.89
    3111             : x0 - L = 0.1 - -179.9 = 180
    3112             : R - x0 = -179.89 - 0.1 ~= -180
    3113             : This is the same in the case when it didn't cross the antimeridian.
    3114             : If you have 2 additional points:
    3115             :     |            |
    3116             :     |RL--x0--x1--|RL--
    3117             :     |            |
    3118             : -180        180|-180
    3119             : If they are evenly spaced and it crosses the antimeridian:
    3120             : x0 - L = 120
    3121             : x1 - x0 = 120
    3122             : R - x1 = -240
    3123             : For example:
    3124             : Let R = -179.9, x0 = -59.9, x1 = 60.1 L = -179.89
    3125             : x0 - L = 59.9 - -179.9 = 120
    3126             : x1 - x0 = 60.1 - 59.9 = 120
    3127             : R - x1 = -179.89 - 60.1 ~= -240
    3128             : However, if they are evenly spaced and it didn't cross the antimeridian:
    3129             : x0 - L = 120
    3130             : x1 - x0 = 120
    3131             : R - x1 = 120
    3132             : From this, we have a delta that is guaranteed to be significantly
    3133             : large enough to tell the difference reguarless of the direction
    3134             : the antimeridian was crossed.
    3135             : However, even though the spacing was even in the source projection, it isn't
    3136             : guaranteed in the target geographic projection. So, instead of 240, 200 is used
    3137             : as it significantly larger than 120 to be sure that the antimeridian was crossed
    3138             : but smalller than 240 to account for possible irregularities in distances
    3139             : when re-projecting. Also, 200 ensures latitudes are ignored for axis order
    3140             : handling.
    3141             : ******************************************************************************/
    3142         199 : static double antimeridian_min(const double *data, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3143             :                                const int arr_len)
    3144             : {
    3145         199 :     double positive_min = HUGE_VAL;
    3146         199 :     double min_value = HUGE_VAL;
    3147         199 :     int crossed_meridian_count = 0;
    3148         199 :     bool positive_meridian = false;
    3149             : 
    3150        9327 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < arr_len; iii++)
    3151             :     {
    3152        9128 :         if (panErrorCodes[iii])
    3153          11 :             continue;
    3154        9117 :         int prev_iii = _find_previous_index(iii, panErrorCodes, arr_len);
    3155             :         // check if crossed meridian
    3156        9117 :         double delta = data[prev_iii] - data[iii];
    3157             :         // 180 -> -180
    3158        9117 :         if (delta >= 200 && delta != HUGE_VAL)
    3159             :         {
    3160           9 :             if (crossed_meridian_count == 0)
    3161           2 :                 positive_min = min_value;
    3162           9 :             crossed_meridian_count++;
    3163           9 :             positive_meridian = false;
    3164             :             // -180 -> 180
    3165             :         }
    3166        9108 :         else if (delta <= -200 && delta != HUGE_VAL)
    3167             :         {
    3168           9 :             if (crossed_meridian_count == 0)
    3169           6 :                 positive_min = data[iii];
    3170           9 :             crossed_meridian_count++;
    3171           9 :             positive_meridian = true;
    3172             :         }
    3173             :         // positive meridian side min
    3174        9117 :         if (positive_meridian && data[iii] < positive_min)
    3175          38 :             positive_min = data[iii];
    3176             :         // track general min value
    3177        9117 :         if (data[iii] < min_value)
    3178         317 :             min_value = data[iii];
    3179             :     }
    3180             : 
    3181         199 :     if (crossed_meridian_count == 2)
    3182           7 :         return positive_min;
    3183         192 :     else if (crossed_meridian_count == 4)
    3184             :         // bounds extends beyond -180/180
    3185           1 :         return -180;
    3186         191 :     return min_value;
    3187             : }
    3188             : 
    3189             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3190             : // Handles the case when longitude values cross the antimeridian
    3191             : // when calculating the minimum.
    3192             : // Note: The data array must be in a linear ring.
    3193             : // Note: This requires a densified ring with at least 2 additional
    3194             : //       points per edge to correctly handle global extents.
    3195             : // See antimeridian_min docstring for reasoning.
    3196         199 : static double antimeridian_max(const double *data, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3197             :                                const int arr_len)
    3198             : {
    3199         199 :     double negative_max = -HUGE_VAL;
    3200         199 :     double max_value = -HUGE_VAL;
    3201         199 :     bool negative_meridian = false;
    3202         199 :     int crossed_meridian_count = 0;
    3203             : 
    3204        9327 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < arr_len; iii++)
    3205             :     {
    3206        9128 :         if (panErrorCodes[iii])
    3207          11 :             continue;
    3208        9117 :         int prev_iii = _find_previous_index(iii, panErrorCodes, arr_len);
    3209             :         // check if crossed meridian
    3210        9117 :         double delta = data[prev_iii] - data[iii];
    3211             :         // 180 -> -180
    3212        9117 :         if (delta >= 200 && delta != HUGE_VAL)
    3213             :         {
    3214           9 :             if (crossed_meridian_count == 0)
    3215           2 :                 negative_max = data[iii];
    3216           9 :             crossed_meridian_count++;
    3217           9 :             negative_meridian = true;
    3218             :             // -180 -> 180
    3219             :         }
    3220        9108 :         else if (delta <= -200 && delta != HUGE_VAL)
    3221             :         {
    3222           9 :             if (crossed_meridian_count == 0)
    3223           6 :                 negative_max = max_value;
    3224           9 :             negative_meridian = false;
    3225           9 :             crossed_meridian_count++;
    3226             :         }
    3227             :         // negative meridian side max
    3228        9117 :         if (negative_meridian &&
    3229         142 :             (data[iii] > negative_max || negative_max == HUGE_VAL) &&
    3230          45 :             panErrorCodes[iii] == 0)
    3231          45 :             negative_max = data[iii];
    3232             :         // track general max value
    3233        9117 :         if ((data[iii] > max_value || max_value == HUGE_VAL) &&
    3234        2753 :             panErrorCodes[iii] == 0)
    3235        2753 :             max_value = data[iii];
    3236             :     }
    3237         199 :     if (crossed_meridian_count == 2)
    3238           7 :         return negative_max;
    3239         192 :     else if (crossed_meridian_count == 4)
    3240             :         // bounds extends beyond -180/180
    3241           1 :         return 180;
    3242         191 :     return max_value;
    3243             : }
    3244             : 
    3245             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3246             : // Check if the original projected bounds contains
    3247             : // the north pole.
    3248             : // This assumes that the destination CRS is geographic.
    3249         211 : bool OGRProjCT::ContainsNorthPole(const double xmin, const double ymin,
    3250             :                                   const double xmax, const double ymax,
    3251             :                                   bool lon_lat_order)
    3252             : {
    3253         211 :     double pole_y = 90;
    3254         211 :     double pole_x = 0;
    3255         211 :     if (!lon_lat_order)
    3256             :     {
    3257           4 :         pole_y = 0;
    3258           4 :         pole_x = 90;
    3259             :     }
    3260         422 :     auto inverseCT = std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>(GetInverse());
    3261         211 :     if (!inverseCT)
    3262           0 :         return false;
    3263         211 :     CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    3264         211 :     const bool success = inverseCT->TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3265         211 :         1, &pole_x, &pole_y, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    3266         215 :     return success && xmin < pole_x && pole_x < xmax && ymax > pole_y &&
    3267         215 :            pole_y > ymin;
    3268             : }
    3269             : 
    3270             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3271             : // Check if the original projected bounds contains
    3272             : // the south pole.
    3273             : // This assumes that the destination CRS is geographic.
    3274         211 : bool OGRProjCT::ContainsSouthPole(const double xmin, const double ymin,
    3275             :                                   const double xmax, const double ymax,
    3276             :                                   bool lon_lat_order)
    3277             : {
    3278         211 :     double pole_y = -90;
    3279         211 :     double pole_x = 0;
    3280         211 :     if (!lon_lat_order)
    3281             :     {
    3282           4 :         pole_y = 0;
    3283           4 :         pole_x = -90;
    3284             :     }
    3285         422 :     auto inverseCT = std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>(GetInverse());
    3286         211 :     if (!inverseCT)
    3287           0 :         return false;
    3288         211 :     CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    3289         211 :     const bool success = inverseCT->TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3290         211 :         1, &pole_x, &pole_y, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    3291         253 :     return success && xmin < pole_x && pole_x < xmax && ymax > pole_y &&
    3292         253 :            pole_y > ymin;
    3293             : }
    3294             : 
    3295         544 : int OGRProjCT::TransformBounds(const double xmin, const double ymin,
    3296             :                                const double xmax, const double ymax,
    3297             :                                double *out_xmin, double *out_ymin,
    3298             :                                double *out_xmax, double *out_ymax,
    3299             :                                const int densify_pts)
    3300             : {
    3301         544 :     if (bNoTransform)
    3302             :     {
    3303          29 :         *out_xmin = xmin;
    3304          29 :         *out_ymin = ymin;
    3305          29 :         *out_xmax = xmax;
    3306          29 :         *out_ymax = ymax;
    3307          29 :         return true;
    3308             :     }
    3309             : 
    3310         515 :     *out_xmin = HUGE_VAL;
    3311         515 :     *out_ymin = HUGE_VAL;
    3312         515 :     *out_xmax = HUGE_VAL;
    3313         515 :     *out_ymax = HUGE_VAL;
    3314             : 
    3315         515 :     if (densify_pts < 0 || densify_pts > 10000)
    3316             :     {
    3317           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3318             :                  "densify_pts must be between 0-10000.");
    3319           1 :         return false;
    3320             :     }
    3321         514 :     if (!poSRSSource)
    3322             :     {
    3323           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "missing source SRS.");
    3324           0 :         return false;
    3325             :     }
    3326         514 :     if (!poSRSTarget)
    3327             :     {
    3328           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "missing target SRS.");
    3329           0 :         return false;
    3330             :     }
    3331             : 
    3332         514 :     bool degree_input = false;
    3333         514 :     bool degree_output = false;
    3334         514 :     bool input_lon_lat_order = false;
    3335         514 :     bool output_lon_lat_order = false;
    3336             : 
    3337         514 :     if (bSourceLatLong)
    3338             :     {
    3339         260 :         degree_input = fabs(poSRSSource->GetAngularUnits(nullptr) -
    3340         260 :                             CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV)) < 1e-8;
    3341         260 :         const auto &mapping = poSRSSource->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    3342         476 :         if ((mapping[0] == 1 && m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East) ||
    3343         216 :             (mapping[0] == 2 && m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient != OAO_East))
    3344             :         {
    3345         251 :             input_lon_lat_order = true;
    3346             :         }
    3347             :     }
    3348         514 :     if (bTargetLatLong)
    3349             :     {
    3350         212 :         degree_output = fabs(poSRSTarget->GetAngularUnits(nullptr) -
    3351         212 :                              CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV)) < 1e-8;
    3352         212 :         const auto &mapping = poSRSTarget->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    3353         394 :         if ((mapping[0] == 1 && m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East) ||
    3354         182 :             (mapping[0] == 2 && m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient != OAO_East))
    3355             :         {
    3356         207 :             output_lon_lat_order = true;
    3357             :         }
    3358             :     }
    3359             : 
    3360         514 :     if (degree_output && densify_pts < 2)
    3361             :     {
    3362           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3363             :                  "densify_pts must be at least 2 if the output is geograpic.");
    3364           1 :         return false;
    3365             :     }
    3366             : 
    3367         513 :     int side_pts = densify_pts + 1;  // add one because we are densifying
    3368         513 :     const int boundary_len = side_pts * 4;
    3369        1026 :     std::vector<double> x_boundary_array;
    3370        1026 :     std::vector<double> y_boundary_array;
    3371        1026 :     std::vector<int> anErrorCodes;
    3372             :     try
    3373             :     {
    3374         513 :         x_boundary_array.resize(boundary_len);
    3375         513 :         y_boundary_array.resize(boundary_len);
    3376         513 :         anErrorCodes.resize(boundary_len);
    3377             :     }
    3378           0 :     catch (const std::exception &e)  // memory allocation failure
    3379             :     {
    3380           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s", e.what());
    3381           0 :         return false;
    3382             :     }
    3383         513 :     double delta_x = 0;
    3384         513 :     double delta_y = 0;
    3385         513 :     bool north_pole_in_bounds = false;
    3386         513 :     bool south_pole_in_bounds = false;
    3387         513 :     if (degree_output)
    3388             :     {
    3389             :         north_pole_in_bounds =
    3390         211 :             ContainsNorthPole(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, output_lon_lat_order);
    3391             :         south_pole_in_bounds =
    3392         211 :             ContainsSouthPole(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, output_lon_lat_order);
    3393             :     }
    3394             : 
    3395         513 :     if (degree_input && xmax < xmin)
    3396             :     {
    3397           1 :         if (!input_lon_lat_order)
    3398             :         {
    3399           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3400             :                      "latitude max < latitude min.");
    3401           0 :             return false;
    3402             :         }
    3403             :         // handle antimeridian
    3404           1 :         delta_x = (xmax - xmin + 360.0) / side_pts;
    3405             :     }
    3406             :     else
    3407             :     {
    3408         512 :         delta_x = (xmax - xmin) / side_pts;
    3409             :     }
    3410         513 :     if (degree_input && ymax < ymin)
    3411             :     {
    3412           1 :         if (input_lon_lat_order)
    3413             :         {
    3414           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3415             :                      "latitude max < latitude min.");
    3416           0 :             return false;
    3417             :         }
    3418             :         // handle antimeridian
    3419           1 :         delta_y = (ymax - ymin + 360.0) / side_pts;
    3420             :     }
    3421             :     else
    3422             :     {
    3423         512 :         delta_y = (ymax - ymin) / side_pts;
    3424             :     }
    3425             : 
    3426             :     // build densified bounding box
    3427             :     // Note: must be a linear ring for antimeridian logic
    3428        4829 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < side_pts; iii++)
    3429             :     {
    3430             :         // xmin boundary
    3431        4316 :         y_boundary_array[iii] = ymax - iii * delta_y;
    3432        4316 :         x_boundary_array[iii] = xmin;
    3433             :         // ymin boundary
    3434        4316 :         y_boundary_array[iii + side_pts] = ymin;
    3435        4316 :         x_boundary_array[iii + side_pts] = xmin + iii * delta_x;
    3436             :         // xmax boundary
    3437        4316 :         y_boundary_array[iii + side_pts * 2] = ymin + iii * delta_y;
    3438        4316 :         x_boundary_array[iii + side_pts * 2] = xmax;
    3439             :         // ymax boundary
    3440        4316 :         y_boundary_array[iii + side_pts * 3] = ymax;
    3441        4316 :         x_boundary_array[iii + side_pts * 3] = xmax - iii * delta_x;
    3442             :     }
    3443             : 
    3444             :     {
    3445         513 :         CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    3446        1026 :         bool success = TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3447         513 :             boundary_len, &x_boundary_array[0], &y_boundary_array[0], nullptr,
    3448         513 :             nullptr, anErrorCodes.data());
    3449         513 :         if (!success)
    3450             :         {
    3451         271 :             for (int i = 0; i < boundary_len; ++i)
    3452             :             {
    3453         264 :                 if (anErrorCodes[i] == 0)
    3454             :                 {
    3455         116 :                     success = true;
    3456         116 :                     break;
    3457             :                 }
    3458             :             }
    3459         123 :             if (!success)
    3460           7 :                 return false;
    3461             :         }
    3462             :     }
    3463             : 
    3464         506 :     if (!degree_output)
    3465             :     {
    3466         299 :         *out_xmin =
    3467         299 :             simple_min(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3468         299 :         *out_xmax =
    3469         299 :             simple_max(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3470         299 :         *out_ymin =
    3471         299 :             simple_min(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3472         299 :         *out_ymax =
    3473         299 :             simple_max(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3474             : 
    3475         299 :         if (poSRSTarget->IsProjected())
    3476             :         {
    3477         598 :             CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    3478             : 
    3479             :             auto poBaseTarget = std::unique_ptr<OGRSpatialReference>(
    3480         598 :                 poSRSTarget->CloneGeogCS());
    3481         299 :             poBaseTarget->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    3482             : 
    3483             :             auto poCTBaseTargetToSrc =
    3484             :                 std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>(
    3485         299 :                     OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(poBaseTarget.get(),
    3486         598 :                                                       poSRSSource));
    3487         299 :             if (poCTBaseTargetToSrc)
    3488             :             {
    3489             :                 const double dfLon0 =
    3490         299 :                     poSRSTarget->GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0);
    3491             : 
    3492         299 :                 double dfSignedPoleLat = 0;
    3493         299 :                 double dfAbsPoleLat = 90;
    3494         299 :                 bool bIncludesPole = false;
    3495             :                 const char *pszProjection =
    3496         299 :                     poSRSTarget->GetAttrValue("PROJECTION");
    3497         299 :                 if (pszProjection &&
    3498         299 :                     EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_MERCATOR_1SP) && dfLon0 == 0)
    3499             :                 {
    3500             :                     // This MAX_LAT_MERCATOR values is equivalent to the
    3501             :                     // semi_major_axis * PI easting/northing value only
    3502             :                     // for EPSG:3857, but it is also quite
    3503             :                     // reasonable for other Mercator projections
    3504         204 :                     constexpr double MAX_LAT_MERCATOR = 85.0511287798066;
    3505         204 :                     dfAbsPoleLat = MAX_LAT_MERCATOR;
    3506             :                 }
    3507             : 
    3508             :                 // Detect if a point at long = central_meridian and
    3509             :                 // lat = +/- 90deg is included in the extent.
    3510             :                 // Helps for example for EPSG:4326 to ESRI:53037
    3511         897 :                 for (int iSign = -1; iSign <= 1; iSign += 2)
    3512             :                 {
    3513         598 :                     double dfX = dfLon0;
    3514         598 :                     constexpr double EPS = 1e-8;
    3515         598 :                     double dfY = iSign * (dfAbsPoleLat - EPS);
    3516             : 
    3517         598 :                     if (poCTBaseTargetToSrc->TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3518         598 :                             1, &dfX, &dfY, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr) &&
    3519         598 :                         dfX >= xmin && dfY >= ymin && dfX <= xmax &&
    3520        1470 :                         dfY <= ymax &&
    3521         274 :                         TransformWithErrorCodes(1, &dfX, &dfY, nullptr, nullptr,
    3522             :                                                 nullptr))
    3523             :                     {
    3524         274 :                         dfSignedPoleLat = iSign * dfAbsPoleLat;
    3525         274 :                         bIncludesPole = true;
    3526         274 :                         *out_xmin = std::min(*out_xmin, dfX);
    3527         274 :                         *out_ymin = std::min(*out_ymin, dfY);
    3528         274 :                         *out_xmax = std::max(*out_xmax, dfX);
    3529         274 :                         *out_ymax = std::max(*out_ymax, dfY);
    3530             :                     }
    3531             :                 }
    3532             : 
    3533             :                 const auto TryAtPlusMinus180 =
    3534         217 :                     [this, dfLon0, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, out_xmin, out_ymin,
    3535        3941 :                      out_xmax, out_ymax, &poCTBaseTargetToSrc](double dfLat)
    3536             :                 {
    3537         651 :                     for (int iSign = -1; iSign <= 1; iSign += 2)
    3538             :                     {
    3539         434 :                         constexpr double EPS = 1e-8;
    3540             :                         double dfX =
    3541         434 :                             fmod(dfLon0 + iSign * (180 - EPS) + 180, 360) - 180;
    3542         434 :                         double dfY = dfLat;
    3543             : 
    3544         434 :                         if (poCTBaseTargetToSrc->TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3545         434 :                                 1, &dfX, &dfY, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr) &&
    3546         434 :                             dfX >= xmin && dfY >= ymin && dfX <= xmax &&
    3547        1153 :                             dfY <= ymax &&
    3548         285 :                             TransformWithErrorCodes(1, &dfX, &dfY, nullptr,
    3549             :                                                     nullptr, nullptr))
    3550             :                         {
    3551         274 :                             *out_xmin = std::min(*out_xmin, dfX);
    3552         274 :                             *out_ymin = std::min(*out_ymin, dfY);
    3553         274 :                             *out_xmax = std::max(*out_xmax, dfX);
    3554         274 :                             *out_ymax = std::max(*out_ymax, dfY);
    3555             :                         }
    3556             :                     }
    3557         217 :                 };
    3558             : 
    3559             :                 // For a projected CRS with a central meridian != 0, try to
    3560             :                 // reproject the points with long = +/- 180deg of the central
    3561             :                 // meridian and at lat = latitude_of_origin.
    3562         299 :                 const double dfLat0 = poSRSTarget->GetNormProjParm(
    3563             :                     SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0);
    3564         299 :                 if (dfLon0 != 0)
    3565             :                 {
    3566          81 :                     TryAtPlusMinus180(dfLat0);
    3567             :                 }
    3568             : 
    3569         299 :                 if (bIncludesPole && dfLat0 != dfSignedPoleLat)
    3570             :                 {
    3571         136 :                     TryAtPlusMinus180(dfSignedPoleLat);
    3572             :                 }
    3573             :             }
    3574             :         }
    3575             :     }
    3576         207 :     else if (north_pole_in_bounds && output_lon_lat_order)
    3577             :     {
    3578           3 :         *out_xmin = -180;
    3579           3 :         *out_ymin =
    3580           3 :             simple_min(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3581           3 :         *out_xmax = 180;
    3582           3 :         *out_ymax = 90;
    3583             :     }
    3584         204 :     else if (north_pole_in_bounds)
    3585             :     {
    3586           1 :         *out_xmin =
    3587           1 :             simple_min(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3588           1 :         *out_ymin = -180;
    3589           1 :         *out_xmax = 90;
    3590           1 :         *out_ymax = 180;
    3591             :     }
    3592         203 :     else if (south_pole_in_bounds && output_lon_lat_order)
    3593             :     {
    3594           3 :         *out_xmin = -180;
    3595           3 :         *out_ymin = -90;
    3596           3 :         *out_xmax = 180;
    3597           3 :         *out_ymax =
    3598           3 :             simple_max(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3599             :     }
    3600         200 :     else if (south_pole_in_bounds)
    3601             :     {
    3602           1 :         *out_xmin = -90;
    3603           1 :         *out_ymin = -180;
    3604           1 :         *out_xmax =
    3605           1 :             simple_max(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3606           1 :         *out_ymax = 180;
    3607             :     }
    3608         199 :     else if (output_lon_lat_order)
    3609             :     {
    3610         197 :         *out_xmin = antimeridian_min(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(),
    3611             :                                      boundary_len);
    3612         197 :         *out_xmax = antimeridian_max(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(),
    3613             :                                      boundary_len);
    3614         197 :         *out_ymin =
    3615         197 :             simple_min(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3616         197 :         *out_ymax =
    3617         197 :             simple_max(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3618             :     }
    3619             :     else
    3620             :     {
    3621           2 :         *out_xmin =
    3622           2 :             simple_min(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3623           2 :         *out_xmax =
    3624           2 :             simple_max(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3625           2 :         *out_ymin = antimeridian_min(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(),
    3626             :                                      boundary_len);
    3627           2 :         *out_ymax = antimeridian_max(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(),
    3628             :                                      boundary_len);
    3629             :     }
    3630             : 
    3631         506 :     return *out_xmin != HUGE_VAL && *out_ymin != HUGE_VAL &&
    3632        1012 :            *out_xmax != HUGE_VAL && *out_ymax != HUGE_VAL;
    3633             : }
    3634             : 
    3635             : /************************************************************************/
    3636             : /*                               Clone()                                */
    3637             : /************************************************************************/
    3638             : 
    3639          27 : OGRCoordinateTransformation *OGRProjCT::Clone() const
    3640             : {
    3641          54 :     std::unique_ptr<OGRProjCT> poNewCT(new OGRProjCT(*this));
    3642             : #if (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR * 10000 + PROJ_VERSION_MINOR * 100 +                   \
    3643             :      PROJ_VERSION_PATCH) < 80001
    3644             :     // See https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/pull/2582
    3645             :     // This may fail before PROJ 8.0.1 if the m_pj object is a "meta"
    3646             :     // operation being a set of real operations
    3647          27 :     bool bCloneDone = ((m_pj == nullptr) == (poNewCT->m_pj == nullptr));
    3648          27 :     if (!bCloneDone)
    3649             :     {
    3650           1 :         poNewCT.reset(new OGRProjCT());
    3651             :         auto ret =
    3652           2 :             poNewCT->Initialize(poSRSSource, m_osSrcSRS.c_str(), poSRSTarget,
    3653           1 :                                 m_osTargetSRS.c_str(), m_options);
    3654           1 :         if (!ret)
    3655             :         {
    3656           0 :             return nullptr;
    3657             :         }
    3658             :     }
    3659             : #endif  // PROJ_VERSION
    3660          27 :     return poNewCT.release();
    3661             : }
    3662             : 
    3663             : /************************************************************************/
    3664             : /*                            GetInverse()                              */
    3665             : /************************************************************************/
    3666             : 
    3667        1624 : OGRCoordinateTransformation *OGRProjCT::GetInverse() const
    3668             : {
    3669        1624 :     PJ *new_pj = nullptr;
    3670             :     // m_pj can be nullptr if using m_eStrategy != PROJ
    3671        1624 :     if (m_pj && !bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat && !bNoTransform)
    3672             :     {
    3673             :         // See https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/pull/2582
    3674             :         // This may fail before PROJ 8.0.1 if the m_pj object is a "meta"
    3675             :         // operation being a set of real operations
    3676        1476 :         new_pj = proj_clone(OSRGetProjTLSContext(), m_pj);
    3677             :     }
    3678             : 
    3679        3247 :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions newOptions(m_options);
    3680        1624 :     std::swap(newOptions.d->bHasSourceCenterLong,
    3681        1624 :               newOptions.d->bHasTargetCenterLong);
    3682        1624 :     std::swap(newOptions.d->dfSourceCenterLong,
    3683        1624 :               newOptions.d->dfTargetCenterLong);
    3684        1623 :     newOptions.d->bReverseCO = !newOptions.d->bReverseCO;
    3685        1623 :     newOptions.d->RefreshCheckWithInvertProj();
    3686             : 
    3687        1624 :     if (new_pj == nullptr && !bNoTransform)
    3688             :     {
    3689         164 :         return OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(poSRSTarget, poSRSSource,
    3690         164 :                                                  newOptions);
    3691             :     }
    3692             : 
    3693        1460 :     auto poNewCT = new OGRProjCT();
    3694             : 
    3695        1460 :     if (poSRSTarget)
    3696        1454 :         poNewCT->poSRSSource = poSRSTarget->Clone();
    3697        1460 :     poNewCT->m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient = m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient;
    3698        1460 :     poNewCT->bSourceLatLong = bTargetLatLong;
    3699        1460 :     poNewCT->bSourceWrap = bTargetWrap;
    3700        1460 :     poNewCT->dfSourceWrapLong = dfTargetWrapLong;
    3701        1460 :     poNewCT->bSourceIsDynamicCRS = bTargetIsDynamicCRS;
    3702        1460 :     poNewCT->dfSourceCoordinateEpoch = dfTargetCoordinateEpoch;
    3703        1460 :     poNewCT->m_osSrcSRS = m_osTargetSRS;
    3704             : 
    3705        1459 :     if (poSRSSource)
    3706        1454 :         poNewCT->poSRSTarget = poSRSSource->Clone();
    3707        1458 :     poNewCT->m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient = m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient;
    3708        1458 :     poNewCT->bTargetLatLong = bSourceLatLong;
    3709        1458 :     poNewCT->bTargetWrap = bSourceWrap;
    3710        1458 :     poNewCT->dfTargetWrapLong = dfSourceWrapLong;
    3711        1458 :     poNewCT->bTargetIsDynamicCRS = bSourceIsDynamicCRS;
    3712        1458 :     poNewCT->dfTargetCoordinateEpoch = dfSourceCoordinateEpoch;
    3713        1458 :     poNewCT->m_osTargetSRS = m_osSrcSRS;
    3714             : 
    3715        1460 :     poNewCT->ComputeThreshold();
    3716             : 
    3717        1459 :     poNewCT->m_pj = new_pj;
    3718        1459 :     poNewCT->m_bReversePj = !m_bReversePj;
    3719        1459 :     poNewCT->bNoTransform = bNoTransform;
    3720        1459 :     poNewCT->m_eStrategy = m_eStrategy;
    3721        1459 :     poNewCT->m_options = newOptions;
    3722             : 
    3723        1459 :     poNewCT->DetectWebMercatorToWGS84();
    3724             : 
    3725        1460 :     return poNewCT;
    3726             : }
    3727             : 
    3728             : /************************************************************************/
    3729             : /*                            OSRCTCleanCache()                         */
    3730             : /************************************************************************/
    3731             : 
    3732        1128 : void OSRCTCleanCache()
    3733             : {
    3734        1128 :     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3735        1128 :     delete g_poCTCache;
    3736        1128 :     g_poCTCache = nullptr;
    3737        1128 : }
    3738             : 
    3739             : /************************************************************************/
    3740             : /*                          MakeCacheKey()                              */
    3741             : /************************************************************************/
    3742             : 
    3743        8454 : CTCacheKey OGRProjCT::MakeCacheKey(
    3744             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS1, const char *pszSrcSRS,
    3745             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS2, const char *pszTargetSRS,
    3746             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    3747             : {
    3748             :     const auto GetKeyForSRS =
    3749       16908 :         [](const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS, const char *pszText)
    3750             :     {
    3751       16908 :         if (poSRS)
    3752             :         {
    3753       33714 :             std::string ret(pszText);
    3754       16857 :             const auto &mapping = poSRS->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    3755       50847 :             for (const auto &axis : mapping)
    3756             :             {
    3757       33990 :                 ret += std::to_string(axis);
    3758             :             }
    3759       16857 :             return ret;
    3760             :         }
    3761             :         else
    3762             :         {
    3763          51 :             return std::string("null");
    3764             :         }
    3765             :     };
    3766             : 
    3767        8454 :     std::string ret(GetKeyForSRS(poSRS1, pszSrcSRS));
    3768        8454 :     ret += GetKeyForSRS(poSRS2, pszTargetSRS);
    3769        8454 :     ret += options.d->GetKey();
    3770       16908 :     return ret;
    3771             : }
    3772             : 
    3773             : /************************************************************************/
    3774             : /*                           InsertIntoCache()                          */
    3775             : /************************************************************************/
    3776             : 
    3777        3995 : void OGRProjCT::InsertIntoCache(OGRProjCT *poCT)
    3778             : {
    3779             :     {
    3780        7990 :         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3781        3995 :         if (g_poCTCache == nullptr)
    3782             :         {
    3783         222 :             g_poCTCache = new lru11::Cache<CTCacheKey, CTCacheValue>();
    3784             :         }
    3785             :     }
    3786        3995 :     const auto key = MakeCacheKey(poCT->poSRSSource, poCT->m_osSrcSRS.c_str(),
    3787        3995 :                                   poCT->poSRSTarget,
    3788        3995 :                                   poCT->m_osTargetSRS.c_str(), poCT->m_options);
    3789             : 
    3790        3995 :     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3791        3995 :     if (g_poCTCache->contains(key))
    3792             :     {
    3793         998 :         delete poCT;
    3794         998 :         return;
    3795             :     }
    3796        2997 :     g_poCTCache->insert(key, std::unique_ptr<OGRProjCT>(poCT));
    3797             : }
    3798             : 
    3799             : /************************************************************************/
    3800             : /*                            FindFromCache()                           */
    3801             : /************************************************************************/
    3802             : 
    3803        4841 : OGRProjCT *OGRProjCT::FindFromCache(
    3804             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poSource, const char *pszSrcSRS,
    3805             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget, const char *pszTargetSRS,
    3806             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    3807             : {
    3808             :     {
    3809        4841 :         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3810        4841 :         if (g_poCTCache == nullptr || g_poCTCache->empty())
    3811         382 :             return nullptr;
    3812             :     }
    3813             : 
    3814             :     const auto key =
    3815        8918 :         MakeCacheKey(poSource, pszSrcSRS, poTarget, pszTargetSRS, options);
    3816             :     // Get value from cache and remove it
    3817        8918 :     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3818        4459 :     CTCacheValue *cachedValue = g_poCTCache->getPtr(key);
    3819        4459 :     if (cachedValue)
    3820             :     {
    3821        2019 :         auto poCT = cachedValue->release();
    3822        2019 :         g_poCTCache->remove(key);
    3823        2019 :         return poCT;
    3824             :     }
    3825        2440 :     return nullptr;
    3826             : }
    3827             : 
    3828             : //! @endcond
    3829             : 
    3830             : /************************************************************************/
    3831             : /*                            OCTTransform()                            */
    3832             : /************************************************************************/
    3833             : 
    3834             : /** Transform an array of points
    3835             :  *
    3836             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3837             :  * @param nCount Number of points
    3838             :  * @param x Array of nCount x values.
    3839             :  * @param y Array of nCount y values.
    3840             :  * @param z Array of nCount z values.
    3841             :  * @return TRUE if a transformation could be found (but not all points may
    3842             :  * have necessarily succeed to transform), otherwise FALSE.
    3843             :  */
    3844        1024 : int CPL_STDCALL OCTTransform(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform,
    3845             :                              int nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z)
    3846             : 
    3847             : {
    3848        1024 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTTransform", FALSE);
    3849             : 
    3850             :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3851        1024 :         ->Transform(nCount, x, y, z);
    3852             : }
    3853             : 
    3854             : /************************************************************************/
    3855             : /*                           OCTTransformEx()                           */
    3856             : /************************************************************************/
    3857             : 
    3858             : /** Transform an array of points
    3859             :  *
    3860             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3861             :  * @param nCount Number of points
    3862             :  * @param x Array of nCount x values.
    3863             :  * @param y Array of nCount y values.
    3864             :  * @param z Array of nCount z values.
    3865             :  * @param pabSuccess Output array of nCount value that will be set to TRUE/FALSE
    3866             :  * @return TRUE if a transformation could be found (but not all points may
    3867             :  * have necessarily succeed to transform), otherwise FALSE.
    3868             :  */
    3869           0 : int CPL_STDCALL OCTTransformEx(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform,
    3870             :                                int nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z,
    3871             :                                int *pabSuccess)
    3872             : 
    3873             : {
    3874           0 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTTransformEx", FALSE);
    3875             : 
    3876             :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3877           0 :         ->Transform(nCount, x, y, z, pabSuccess);
    3878             : }
    3879             : 
    3880             : /************************************************************************/
    3881             : /*                           OCTTransform4D()                           */
    3882             : /************************************************************************/
    3883             : 
    3884             : /** Transform an array of points
    3885             :  *
    3886             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3887             :  * @param nCount Number of points
    3888             :  * @param x Array of nCount x values. Should not be NULL
    3889             :  * @param y Array of nCount y values. Should not be NULL
    3890             :  * @param z Array of nCount z values. Might be NULL
    3891             :  * @param t Array of nCount time values. Might be NULL
    3892             :  * @param pabSuccess Output array of nCount value that will be set to
    3893             :  * TRUE/FALSE. Might be NULL.
    3894             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
    3895             :  * @return TRUE if a transformation could be found (but not all points may
    3896             :  * have necessarily succeed to transform), otherwise FALSE.
    3897             :  */
    3898          15 : int OCTTransform4D(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform, int nCount,
    3899             :                    double *x, double *y, double *z, double *t, int *pabSuccess)
    3900             : 
    3901             : {
    3902          15 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTTransform4D", FALSE);
    3903             : 
    3904          15 :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3905          15 :         ->Transform(nCount, x, y, z, t, pabSuccess);
    3906             : }
    3907             : 
    3908             : /************************************************************************/
    3909             : /*                      OCTTransform4DWithErrorCodes()                  */
    3910             : /************************************************************************/
    3911             : 
    3912             : /** Transform an array of points
    3913             :  *
    3914             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3915             :  * @param nCount Number of points
    3916             :  * @param x Array of nCount x values. Should not be NULL
    3917             :  * @param y Array of nCount y values. Should not be NULL
    3918             :  * @param z Array of nCount z values. Might be NULL
    3919             :  * @param t Array of nCount time values. Might be NULL
    3920             :  * @param panErrorCodes Output array of nCount value that will be set to 0 for
    3921             :  *                      success, or a non-zero value for failure. Refer to
    3922             :  *                      PROJ 8 public error codes. Might be NULL
    3923             :  * @since GDAL 3.3, and PROJ 8 to be able to use PROJ public error codes
    3924             :  * @return TRUE if a transformation could be found (but not all points may
    3925             :  * have necessarily succeed to transform), otherwise FALSE.
    3926             :  */
    3927           0 : int OCTTransform4DWithErrorCodes(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform,
    3928             :                                  int nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z,
    3929             :                                  double *t, int *panErrorCodes)
    3930             : 
    3931             : {
    3932           0 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTTransform4DWithErrorCodes", FALSE);
    3933             : 
    3934           0 :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3935           0 :         ->TransformWithErrorCodes(nCount, x, y, z, t, panErrorCodes);
    3936             : }
    3937             : 
    3938             : /************************************************************************/
    3939             : /*                           OCTTransformBounds()                       */
    3940             : /************************************************************************/
    3941             : /** \brief Transform boundary.
    3942             :  *
    3943             :  * Transform boundary densifying the edges to account for nonlinear
    3944             :  * transformations along these edges and extracting the outermost bounds.
    3945             :  *
    3946             :  * If the destination CRS is geographic, the first axis is longitude,
    3947             :  * and *out_xmax < *out_xmin then the bounds crossed the antimeridian.
    3948             :  * In this scenario there are two polygons, one on each side of the
    3949             :  * antimeridian. The first polygon should be constructed with
    3950             :  * (*out_xmin, *out_ymin, 180, ymax) and the second with
    3951             :  * (-180, *out_ymin, *out_xmax, *out_ymax).
    3952             :  *
    3953             :  * If the destination CRS is geographic, the first axis is latitude,
    3954             :  * and *out_ymax < *out_ymin then the bounds crossed the antimeridian.
    3955             :  * In this scenario there are two polygons, one on each side of the
    3956             :  * antimeridian. The first polygon should be constructed with
    3957             :  * (*out_ymin, *out_xmin, *out_ymax, 180) and the second with
    3958             :  * (*out_ymin, -180, *out_ymax, *out_xmax).
    3959             :  *
    3960             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3961             :  * @param xmin Minimum bounding coordinate of the first axis in source CRS.
    3962             :  * @param ymin Minimum bounding coordinate of the second axis in source CRS.
    3963             :  * @param xmax Maximum bounding coordinate of the first axis in source CRS.
    3964             :  * @param ymax Maximum bounding coordinate of the second axis in source CRS.
    3965             :  * @param out_xmin Minimum bounding coordinate of the first axis in target CRS
    3966             :  * @param out_ymin Minimum bounding coordinate of the second axis in target CRS.
    3967             :  * @param out_xmax Maximum bounding coordinate of the first axis in target CRS.
    3968             :  * @param out_ymax Maximum bounding coordinate of the second axis in target CRS.
    3969             :  * @param densify_pts Recommended to use 21. This is the number of points
    3970             :  *     to use to densify the bounding polygon in the transformation.
    3971             :  * @return TRUE if successful. FALSE if failures encountered.
    3972             :  * @since 3.4
    3973             :  */
    3974          25 : int CPL_STDCALL OCTTransformBounds(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform,
    3975             :                                    const double xmin, const double ymin,
    3976             :                                    const double xmax, const double ymax,
    3977             :                                    double *out_xmin, double *out_ymin,
    3978             :                                    double *out_xmax, double *out_ymax,
    3979             :                                    int densify_pts)
    3980             : 
    3981             : {
    3982          25 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "TransformBounds", FALSE);
    3983             : 
    3984          25 :     return OGRProjCT::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3985          25 :         ->TransformBounds(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, out_xmin, out_ymin, out_xmax,
    3986          25 :                           out_ymax, densify_pts);
    3987             : }
    3988             : 
    3989             : /************************************************************************/
    3990             : /*                         OGRCTDumpStatistics()                        */
    3991             : /************************************************************************/
    3992             : 
    3993        1128 : void OGRCTDumpStatistics()
    3994             : {
    3995             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    3996             :     CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Total time in proj_create_crs_to_crs(): %d ms",
    3997             :              static_cast<int>(g_dfTotalTimeCRStoCRS * 1000));
    3998             :     CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Total time in coordinate transformation: %d ms",
    3999             :              static_cast<int>(g_dfTotalTimeReprojection * 1000));
    4000             : #endif
    4001        1128 : }

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