LCOV - code coverage report
Current view: top level - ogr - ogrct.cpp (source / functions) Hit Total Coverage
Test: gdal_filtered.info Lines: 1087 1430 76.0 %
Date: 2025-06-28 21:28:23 Functions: 81 88 92.0 %

          Line data    Source code
       1             : /******************************************************************************
       2             :  *
       3             :  * Project:  OpenGIS Simple Features Reference Implementation
       4             :  * Purpose:  The OGRSCoordinateTransformation class.
       5             :  * Author:   Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
       6             :  *
       7             :  ******************************************************************************
       8             :  * Copyright (c) 2000, Frank Warmerdam
       9             :  * Copyright (c) 2008-2013, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
      10             :  *
      11             :  * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
      12             :  ****************************************************************************/
      13             : 
      14             : #include "cpl_port.h"
      15             : #include "ogr_spatialref.h"
      16             : 
      17             : #include <algorithm>
      18             : #include <cassert>
      19             : #include <cmath>
      20             : #include <cstring>
      21             : #include <limits>
      22             : #include <list>
      23             : #include <mutex>
      24             : 
      25             : #include "cpl_conv.h"
      26             : #include "cpl_error.h"
      27             : #include "cpl_mem_cache.h"
      28             : #include "cpl_string.h"
      29             : #include "ogr_core.h"
      30             : #include "ogr_srs_api.h"
      31             : #include "ogr_proj_p.h"
      32             : #include "ogrct_priv.h"
      33             : 
      34             : #include "proj.h"
      35             : #include "proj_experimental.h"
      36             : 
      37             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
      38             : static double g_dfTotalTimeCRStoCRS = 0;
      39             : static double g_dfTotalTimeReprojection = 0;
      40             : 
      41             : /************************************************************************/
      42             : /*                        CPLGettimeofday()                             */
      43             : /************************************************************************/
      44             : 
      45             : #if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
      46             : #include <sys/timeb.h>
      47             : 
      48             : namespace
      49             : {
      50             : struct CPLTimeVal
      51             : {
      52             :     time_t tv_sec; /* seconds */
      53             :     long tv_usec;  /* and microseconds */
      54             : };
      55             : }  // namespace
      56             : 
      57             : static void CPLGettimeofday(struct CPLTimeVal *tp, void * /* timezonep*/)
      58             : {
      59             :     struct _timeb theTime;
      60             : 
      61             :     _ftime(&theTime);
      62             :     tp->tv_sec = static_cast<time_t>(theTime.time);
      63             :     tp->tv_usec = theTime.millitm * 1000;
      64             : }
      65             : #else
      66             : #include <sys/time.h> /* for gettimeofday() */
      67             : #define CPLTimeVal timeval
      68             : #define CPLGettimeofday(t, u) gettimeofday(t, u)
      69             : #endif
      70             : 
      71             : #endif  // DEBUG_PERF
      72             : 
      73             : // Cache of OGRProjCT objects
      74             : static std::mutex g_oCTCacheMutex;
      75             : class OGRProjCT;
      76             : typedef std::string CTCacheKey;
      77             : typedef std::unique_ptr<OGRProjCT> CTCacheValue;
      78             : static lru11::Cache<CTCacheKey, CTCacheValue> *g_poCTCache = nullptr;
      79             : 
      80             : /************************************************************************/
      81             : /*             OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private              */
      82             : /************************************************************************/
      83             : 
      84        3915 : struct OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private
      85             : {
      86             :     bool bHasAreaOfInterest = false;
      87             :     double dfWestLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
      88             :     double dfSouthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
      89             :     double dfEastLongitudeDeg = 0.0;
      90             :     double dfNorthLatitudeDeg = 0.0;
      91             : 
      92             :     CPLString osCoordOperation{};
      93             :     bool bReverseCO = false;
      94             : 
      95             :     bool bAllowBallpark = true;
      96             :     double dfAccuracy = -1;  // no constraint
      97             : 
      98             :     bool bOnlyBest = false;
      99             :     bool bOnlyBestOptionSet = false;
     100             : 
     101             :     bool bHasSourceCenterLong = false;
     102             :     double dfSourceCenterLong = 0.0;
     103             : 
     104             :     bool bHasTargetCenterLong = false;
     105             :     double dfTargetCenterLong = 0.0;
     106             : 
     107             :     bool bCheckWithInvertProj = false;
     108             : 
     109             :     Private();
     110        1482 :     Private(const Private &) = default;
     111             :     Private(Private &&) = default;
     112             :     Private &operator=(const Private &) = default;
     113             :     Private &operator=(Private &&) = default;
     114             : 
     115             :     std::string GetKey() const;
     116             :     void RefreshCheckWithInvertProj();
     117             : };
     118             : 
     119             : /************************************************************************/
     120             : /*                              Private()                               */
     121             : /************************************************************************/
     122             : 
     123        8318 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private::Private()
     124             : {
     125        8318 :     RefreshCheckWithInvertProj();
     126        8318 : }
     127             : 
     128             : /************************************************************************/
     129             : /*                              GetKey()                                */
     130             : /************************************************************************/
     131             : 
     132        7880 : std::string OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private::GetKey() const
     133             : {
     134        7880 :     std::string ret;
     135        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bHasAreaOfInterest));
     136        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(dfWestLongitudeDeg);
     137        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(dfSouthLatitudeDeg);
     138        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(dfEastLongitudeDeg);
     139        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
     140        7880 :     ret += osCoordOperation;
     141        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bReverseCO));
     142        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bAllowBallpark));
     143        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(dfAccuracy);
     144        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bOnlyBestOptionSet));
     145        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bOnlyBest));
     146        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bHasSourceCenterLong));
     147        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(dfSourceCenterLong);
     148        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bHasTargetCenterLong));
     149        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(dfTargetCenterLong);
     150        7880 :     ret += std::to_string(static_cast<int>(bCheckWithInvertProj));
     151        7880 :     return ret;
     152             : }
     153             : 
     154             : /************************************************************************/
     155             : /*                       RefreshCheckWithInvertProj()                   */
     156             : /************************************************************************/
     157             : 
     158        9765 : void OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::Private::RefreshCheckWithInvertProj()
     159             : {
     160        9765 :     bCheckWithInvertProj =
     161        9765 :         CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("CHECK_WITH_INVERT_PROJ", "NO"));
     162        9765 : }
     163             : 
     164             : /************************************************************************/
     165             : /*                       GetAsAProjRecognizableString()                 */
     166             : /************************************************************************/
     167             : 
     168        2205 : static char *GetAsAProjRecognizableString(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
     169             : {
     170        2205 :     CPLErrorStateBackuper oErrorStateBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
     171             :     // If there's a PROJ4 EXTENSION node in WKT1, then use
     172             :     // it. For example when dealing with "+proj=longlat +lon_wrap=180"
     173        2205 :     char *pszText = nullptr;
     174        2205 :     if (poSRS->GetExtension(nullptr, "PROJ4", nullptr))
     175             :     {
     176          15 :         poSRS->exportToProj4(&pszText);
     177          15 :         if (strstr(pszText, " +type=crs") == nullptr)
     178             :         {
     179          30 :             auto tmpText = std::string(pszText) + " +type=crs";
     180          15 :             CPLFree(pszText);
     181          15 :             pszText = CPLStrdup(tmpText.c_str());
     182             :         }
     183             :     }
     184        2190 :     else if (poSRS->IsEmpty())
     185             :     {
     186           1 :         pszText = CPLStrdup("");
     187             :     }
     188             :     else
     189             :     {
     190             :         // We export to PROJJSON rather than WKT2:2019 because PROJJSON
     191             :         // is a bit more verbose, which helps in situations like
     192             :         // https://github.com/OSGeo/gdal/issues/9732 /
     193             :         // https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/pull/4124 where we want to export
     194             :         // a DerivedProjectedCRS whose base ProjectedCRS has non-metre axis.
     195        2189 :         poSRS->exportToPROJJSON(&pszText, nullptr);
     196             :     }
     197             : 
     198        4410 :     return pszText;
     199             : }
     200             : 
     201             : /************************************************************************/
     202             : /*                        GetTextRepresentation()                       */
     203             : /************************************************************************/
     204             : 
     205        8871 : static char *GetTextRepresentation(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS)
     206             : {
     207        6668 :     const auto CanUseAuthorityDef = [](const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS1,
     208             :                                        OGRSpatialReference *poSRSFromAuth,
     209             :                                        const char *pszAuth)
     210             :     {
     211       13225 :         if (EQUAL(pszAuth, "EPSG") &&
     212        6557 :             CPLTestBool(
     213             :                 CPLGetConfigOption("OSR_CT_USE_DEFAULT_EPSG_TOWGS84", "NO")))
     214             :         {
     215             :             // We don't want by default to honour 'default' TOWGS84 terms that
     216             :             // come with the EPSG code because there might be a better
     217             :             // transformation from that Typical case if EPSG:31468 "DHDN /
     218             :             // 3-degree Gauss-Kruger zone 4" where the DHDN->TOWGS84
     219             :             // transformation can use the BETA2007.gsb grid instead of
     220             :             // TOWGS84[598.1,73.7,418.2,0.202,0.045,-2.455,6.7] But if the user
     221             :             // really wants it, it can set the OSR_CT_USE_DEFAULT_EPSG_TOWGS84
     222             :             // configuration option to YES
     223             :             double adfTOWGS84_1[7];
     224             :             double adfTOWGS84_2[7];
     225             : 
     226           4 :             poSRSFromAuth->AddGuessedTOWGS84();
     227             : 
     228           4 :             if (poSRS1->GetTOWGS84(adfTOWGS84_1) == OGRERR_NONE &&
     229           6 :                 poSRSFromAuth->GetTOWGS84(adfTOWGS84_2) == OGRERR_NONE &&
     230           2 :                 memcmp(adfTOWGS84_1, adfTOWGS84_2, sizeof(adfTOWGS84_1)) == 0)
     231             :             {
     232           2 :                 return false;
     233             :             }
     234             :         }
     235        6666 :         return true;
     236             :     };
     237             : 
     238        8871 :     char *pszText = nullptr;
     239             :     // If we have a AUTH:CODE attached, use it to retrieve the full
     240             :     // definition in case a trip to WKT1 has lost the area of use.
     241             :     // unless OGR_CT_PREFER_OFFICIAL_SRS_DEF=NO (see
     242             :     // https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/issues/2955)
     243        8871 :     const char *pszAuth = poSRS->GetAuthorityName(nullptr);
     244        8871 :     const char *pszCode = poSRS->GetAuthorityCode(nullptr);
     245       15576 :     if (pszAuth && pszCode &&
     246        6705 :         CPLTestBool(
     247             :             CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_PREFER_OFFICIAL_SRS_DEF", "YES")))
     248             :     {
     249       13410 :         CPLString osAuthCode(pszAuth);
     250        6705 :         osAuthCode += ':';
     251        6705 :         osAuthCode += pszCode;
     252       13410 :         OGRSpatialReference oTmpSRS;
     253        6705 :         oTmpSRS.SetFromUserInput(osAuthCode);
     254        6705 :         oTmpSRS.SetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping(
     255             :             poSRS->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping());
     256        6705 :         const char *const apszOptionsIsSame[] = {"CRITERION=EQUIVALENT",
     257             :                                                  nullptr};
     258        6705 :         if (oTmpSRS.IsSame(poSRS, apszOptionsIsSame))
     259             :         {
     260        6668 :             if (CanUseAuthorityDef(poSRS, &oTmpSRS, pszAuth))
     261             :             {
     262        6666 :                 pszText = CPLStrdup(osAuthCode);
     263             :             }
     264             :         }
     265             :     }
     266        8871 :     if (pszText == nullptr)
     267             :     {
     268        2205 :         pszText = GetAsAProjRecognizableString(poSRS);
     269             :     }
     270        8871 :     return pszText;
     271             : }
     272             : 
     273             : /************************************************************************/
     274             : /*                  OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()                */
     275             : /************************************************************************/
     276             : 
     277             : /** \brief Constructs a new OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions.
     278             :  *
     279             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     280             :  */
     281        8318 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()
     282        8318 :     : d(new Private())
     283             : {
     284        8318 : }
     285             : 
     286             : /************************************************************************/
     287             : /*                  OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()                */
     288             : /************************************************************************/
     289             : 
     290             : /** \brief Copy constructor
     291             :  *
     292             :  * @since GDAL 3.1
     293             :  */
     294        1482 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions(
     295        1482 :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &other)
     296        1482 :     : d(new Private(*(other.d)))
     297             : {
     298        1482 : }
     299             : 
     300             : /************************************************************************/
     301             : /*                          operator =()                                */
     302             : /************************************************************************/
     303             : 
     304             : /** \brief Assignment operator
     305             :  *
     306             :  * @since GDAL 3.1
     307             :  */
     308             : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &
     309        3915 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::operator=(
     310             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &other)
     311             : {
     312        3915 :     if (this != &other)
     313             :     {
     314        3915 :         *d = *(other.d);
     315             :     }
     316        3915 :     return *this;
     317             : }
     318             : 
     319             : /************************************************************************/
     320             : /*                  OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()                */
     321             : /************************************************************************/
     322             : 
     323             : /** \brief Destroys a OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions.
     324             :  *
     325             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     326             :  */
     327        9412 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::~OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()
     328             : {
     329        9412 : }
     330             : 
     331             : /************************************************************************/
     332             : /*                   OCTNewCoordinateTransformationOptions()            */
     333             : /************************************************************************/
     334             : 
     335             : /** \brief Create coordinate transformation options.
     336             :  *
     337             :  * To be freed with OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformationOptions()
     338             :  *
     339             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     340             :  */
     341          13 : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH OCTNewCoordinateTransformationOptions(void)
     342             : {
     343          13 :     return new OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions();
     344             : }
     345             : 
     346             : /************************************************************************/
     347             : /*                  OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformationOptions()         */
     348             : /************************************************************************/
     349             : 
     350             : /** \brief Destroy coordinate transformation options.
     351             :  *
     352             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     353             :  */
     354          11 : void OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformationOptions(
     355             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions)
     356             : {
     357          11 :     delete hOptions;
     358          11 : }
     359             : 
     360             : /************************************************************************/
     361             : /*                        SetAreaOfInterest()                           */
     362             : /************************************************************************/
     363             : 
     364             : /** \brief Sets an area of interest.
     365             :  *
     366             :  * The west longitude is generally lower than the east longitude, except for
     367             :  * areas of interest that go across the anti-meridian.
     368             :  *
     369             :  * @param dfWestLongitudeDeg West longitude (in degree). Must be in [-180,180]
     370             :  * @param dfSouthLatitudeDeg South latitude (in degree). Must be in [-90,90]
     371             :  * @param dfEastLongitudeDeg East longitude (in degree). Must be in [-180,180]
     372             :  * @param dfNorthLatitudeDeg North latitude (in degree). Must be in [-90,90]
     373             :  * @return true in case of success.
     374             :  *
     375             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     376             :  */
     377        1065 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetAreaOfInterest(
     378             :     double dfWestLongitudeDeg, double dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
     379             :     double dfEastLongitudeDeg, double dfNorthLatitudeDeg)
     380             : {
     381        1065 :     if (std::fabs(dfWestLongitudeDeg) > 180)
     382             :     {
     383           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid dfWestLongitudeDeg");
     384           1 :         return false;
     385             :     }
     386        1064 :     if (std::fabs(dfSouthLatitudeDeg) > 90)
     387             :     {
     388           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid dfSouthLatitudeDeg");
     389           1 :         return false;
     390             :     }
     391        1063 :     if (std::fabs(dfEastLongitudeDeg) > 180)
     392             :     {
     393           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid dfEastLongitudeDeg");
     394           1 :         return false;
     395             :     }
     396        1062 :     if (std::fabs(dfNorthLatitudeDeg) > 90)
     397             :     {
     398           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Invalid dfNorthLatitudeDeg");
     399           1 :         return false;
     400             :     }
     401        1061 :     if (dfSouthLatitudeDeg > dfNorthLatitudeDeg)
     402             :     {
     403           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
     404             :                  "dfSouthLatitudeDeg should be lower than dfNorthLatitudeDeg");
     405           0 :         return false;
     406             :     }
     407        1061 :     d->bHasAreaOfInterest = true;
     408        1061 :     d->dfWestLongitudeDeg = dfWestLongitudeDeg;
     409        1061 :     d->dfSouthLatitudeDeg = dfSouthLatitudeDeg;
     410        1061 :     d->dfEastLongitudeDeg = dfEastLongitudeDeg;
     411        1061 :     d->dfNorthLatitudeDeg = dfNorthLatitudeDeg;
     412        1061 :     return true;
     413             : }
     414             : 
     415             : /************************************************************************/
     416             : /*           OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetAreaOfInterest()      */
     417             : /************************************************************************/
     418             : 
     419             : /** \brief Sets an area of interest.
     420             :  *
     421             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetAreaOfInterest()
     422             :  *
     423             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     424             :  */
     425           5 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetAreaOfInterest(
     426             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, double dfWestLongitudeDeg,
     427             :     double dfSouthLatitudeDeg, double dfEastLongitudeDeg,
     428             :     double dfNorthLatitudeDeg)
     429             : {
     430           5 :     return hOptions->SetAreaOfInterest(dfWestLongitudeDeg, dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
     431           5 :                                        dfEastLongitudeDeg, dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
     432             : }
     433             : 
     434             : /************************************************************************/
     435             : /*                        SetCoordinateOperation()                      */
     436             : /************************************************************************/
     437             : 
     438             : /** \brief Sets a coordinate operation.
     439             :  *
     440             :  * This is a user override to be used instead of the normally computed pipeline.
     441             :  *
     442             :  * The pipeline must take into account the axis order of the source and target
     443             :  * SRS.
     444             :  *
     445             :  * The pipeline may be provided as a PROJ string (single step operation or
     446             :  * multiple step string starting with +proj=pipeline), a WKT2 string describing
     447             :  * a CoordinateOperation, or a "urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::XXXX" URN
     448             :  *
     449             :  * @param pszCO PROJ or WKT string describing a coordinate operation
     450             :  * @param bReverseCO Whether the PROJ or WKT string should be evaluated in the
     451             :  * reverse path
     452             :  * @return true in case of success.
     453             :  *
     454             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     455             :  */
     456          22 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetCoordinateOperation(
     457             :     const char *pszCO, bool bReverseCO)
     458             : {
     459          22 :     d->osCoordOperation = pszCO ? pszCO : "";
     460          22 :     d->bReverseCO = bReverseCO;
     461          22 :     return true;
     462             : }
     463             : 
     464             : /************************************************************************/
     465             : /*                         SetSourceCenterLong()                        */
     466             : /************************************************************************/
     467             : 
     468             : /*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
     469         750 : void OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetSourceCenterLong(
     470             :     double dfCenterLong)
     471             : {
     472         750 :     d->dfSourceCenterLong = dfCenterLong;
     473         750 :     d->bHasSourceCenterLong = true;
     474         750 : }
     475             : 
     476             : /*! @endcond */
     477             : 
     478             : /************************************************************************/
     479             : /*                         SetTargetCenterLong()                        */
     480             : /************************************************************************/
     481             : 
     482             : /*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
     483           0 : void OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetTargetCenterLong(
     484             :     double dfCenterLong)
     485             : {
     486           0 :     d->dfTargetCenterLong = dfCenterLong;
     487           0 :     d->bHasTargetCenterLong = true;
     488           0 : }
     489             : 
     490             : /*! @endcond */
     491             : 
     492             : /************************************************************************/
     493             : /*            OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetOperation()          */
     494             : /************************************************************************/
     495             : 
     496             : /** \brief Sets a coordinate operation.
     497             :  *
     498             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetCoordinateTransformation()
     499             :  *
     500             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
     501             :  */
     502           8 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetOperation(
     503             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, const char *pszCO,
     504             :     int bReverseCO)
     505             : {
     506             :     // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
     507           8 :     return hOptions->SetCoordinateOperation(pszCO, CPL_TO_BOOL(bReverseCO));
     508             : }
     509             : 
     510             : /************************************************************************/
     511             : /*                         SetDesiredAccuracy()                         */
     512             : /************************************************************************/
     513             : 
     514             : /** \brief Sets the desired accuracy for coordinate operations.
     515             :  *
     516             :  * Only coordinate operations that offer an accuracy of at least the one
     517             :  * specified will be considered.
     518             :  *
     519             :  * An accuracy of 0 is valid and means a coordinate operation made only of one
     520             :  * or several conversions (map projections, unit conversion, etc.) Operations
     521             :  * involving ballpark transformations have a unknown accuracy, and will be
     522             :  * filtered out by any dfAccuracy >= 0 value.
     523             :  *
     524             :  * If this option is specified with PROJ < 8, the OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION
     525             :  * configuration option will default to BEST_ACCURACY.
     526             :  *
     527             :  * @param dfAccuracy accuracy in meters (or a negative value to disable this
     528             :  * filter)
     529             :  *
     530             :  * @since GDAL 3.3
     531             :  */
     532           2 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetDesiredAccuracy(double dfAccuracy)
     533             : {
     534           2 :     d->dfAccuracy = dfAccuracy;
     535           2 :     return true;
     536             : }
     537             : 
     538             : /************************************************************************/
     539             : /*        OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetDesiredAccuracy()        */
     540             : /************************************************************************/
     541             : 
     542             : /** \brief Sets the desired accuracy for coordinate operations.
     543             :  *
     544             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetDesiredAccuracy()
     545             :  *
     546             :  * @since GDAL 3.3
     547             :  */
     548           2 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetDesiredAccuracy(
     549             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, double dfAccuracy)
     550             : {
     551             :     // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
     552           2 :     return hOptions->SetDesiredAccuracy(dfAccuracy);
     553             : }
     554             : 
     555             : /************************************************************************/
     556             : /*                       SetBallparkAllowed()                           */
     557             : /************************************************************************/
     558             : 
     559             : /** \brief Sets whether ballpark transformations are allowed.
     560             :  *
     561             :  * By default, PROJ may generate "ballpark transformations" (see
     562             :  * https://proj.org/glossary.html) when precise datum transformations are
     563             :  * missing. For high accuracy use cases, such transformations might not be
     564             :  * allowed.
     565             :  *
     566             :  * If this option is specified with PROJ < 8, the OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION
     567             :  * configuration option will default to BEST_ACCURACY.
     568             :  *
     569             :  * @param bAllowBallpark false to disable the user of ballpark transformations
     570             :  *
     571             :  * @since GDAL 3.3
     572             :  */
     573        1124 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetBallparkAllowed(bool bAllowBallpark)
     574             : {
     575        1124 :     d->bAllowBallpark = bAllowBallpark;
     576        1124 :     return true;
     577             : }
     578             : 
     579             : /************************************************************************/
     580             : /*        OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetBallparkAllowed()        */
     581             : /************************************************************************/
     582             : 
     583             : /** \brief Sets whether ballpark transformations are allowed.
     584             :  *
     585             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetDesiredAccuracy()
     586             :  *
     587             :  * @since GDAL 3.3 and PROJ 8
     588             :  */
     589           2 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetBallparkAllowed(
     590             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, int bAllowBallpark)
     591             : {
     592             :     // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
     593           2 :     return hOptions->SetBallparkAllowed(CPL_TO_BOOL(bAllowBallpark));
     594             : }
     595             : 
     596             : /************************************************************************/
     597             : /*                         SetOnlyBest()                                */
     598             : /************************************************************************/
     599             : 
     600             : /** \brief Sets whether only the "best" operation should be used.
     601             :  *
     602             :  * By default (at least in the PROJ 9.x series), PROJ may use coordinate
     603             :  * operations that are not the "best" if resources (typically grids) needed
     604             :  * to use them are missing. It will then fallback to other coordinate operations
     605             :  * that have a lesser accuracy, for example using Helmert transformations,
     606             :  * or in the absence of such operations, to ones with potential very rough
     607             :  * accuracy, using "ballpark" transformations
     608             :  * (see https://proj.org/glossary.html).
     609             :  *
     610             :  * When calling this method with bOnlyBest = true, PROJ will only consider the
     611             :  * "best" operation, and error out (at Transform() time) if they cannot be
     612             :  * used.
     613             :  * This method may be used together with SetBallparkAllowed(false) to
     614             :  * only allow best operations that have a known accuracy.
     615             :  *
     616             :  * Note that this method has no effect on PROJ versions before 9.2.
     617             :  *
     618             :  * The default value for this option can be also set with the
     619             :  * PROJ_ONLY_BEST_DEFAULT environment variable, or with the "only_best_default"
     620             :  * setting of proj.ini. Calling SetOnlyBest() overrides such default value.
     621             :  *
     622             :  * @param bOnlyBest set to true to ask PROJ to use only the best operation(s)
     623             :  *
     624             :  * @since GDAL 3.8 and PROJ 9.2
     625             :  */
     626           1 : bool OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetOnlyBest(bool bOnlyBest)
     627             : {
     628           1 :     d->bOnlyBest = bOnlyBest;
     629           1 :     d->bOnlyBestOptionSet = true;
     630           1 :     return true;
     631             : }
     632             : 
     633             : /************************************************************************/
     634             : /*        OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetOnlyBest()               */
     635             : /************************************************************************/
     636             : 
     637             : /** \brief Sets whether only the "best" operation(s) should be used.
     638             :  *
     639             :  * See OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetOnlyBest()
     640             :  *
     641             :  * @since GDAL 3.8 and PROJ 9.2
     642             :  */
     643           0 : int OCTCoordinateTransformationOptionsSetOnlyBest(
     644             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions, bool bOnlyBest)
     645             : {
     646             :     // cppcheck-suppress knownConditionTrueFalse
     647           0 :     return hOptions->SetOnlyBest(bOnlyBest);
     648             : }
     649             : 
     650             : /************************************************************************/
     651             : /*                              OGRProjCT                               */
     652             : /************************************************************************/
     653             : 
     654             : //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
     655             : class OGRProjCT : public OGRCoordinateTransformation
     656             : {
     657             :     friend void
     658             :     OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStart(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT);
     659             :     friend void
     660             :     OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStop(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT);
     661             :     friend bool
     662             :     OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsUsed(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT);
     663             : 
     664             :     class PjPtr
     665             :     {
     666             :         PJ *m_pj = nullptr;
     667             : 
     668        7369 :         void reset()
     669             :         {
     670        7369 :             if (m_pj)
     671             :             {
     672        3456 :                 proj_assign_context(m_pj, OSRGetProjTLSContext());
     673        3456 :                 proj_destroy(m_pj);
     674             :             }
     675        7369 :         }
     676             : 
     677             :       public:
     678        3915 :         PjPtr() : m_pj(nullptr)
     679             :         {
     680        3915 :         }
     681             : 
     682           0 :         explicit PjPtr(PJ *pjIn) : m_pj(pjIn)
     683             :         {
     684           0 :         }
     685             : 
     686        3552 :         ~PjPtr()
     687        3552 :         {
     688        3552 :             reset();
     689        3552 :         }
     690             : 
     691          23 :         PjPtr(const PjPtr &other)
     692          23 :             : m_pj((other.m_pj != nullptr)
     693          23 :                        ? (proj_clone(OSRGetProjTLSContext(), other.m_pj))
     694          23 :                        : (nullptr))
     695             :         {
     696          23 :         }
     697             : 
     698             :         PjPtr(PjPtr &&other) : m_pj(other.m_pj)
     699             :         {
     700             :             other.m_pj = nullptr;
     701             :         }
     702             : 
     703             :         PjPtr &operator=(const PjPtr &other)
     704             :         {
     705             :             if (this != &other)
     706             :             {
     707             :                 reset();
     708             :                 m_pj = (other.m_pj != nullptr)
     709             :                            ? (proj_clone(OSRGetProjTLSContext(), other.m_pj))
     710             :                            : (nullptr);
     711             :             }
     712             :             return *this;
     713             :         }
     714             : 
     715        3822 :         PjPtr &operator=(PJ *pjIn)
     716             :         {
     717        3822 :             if (m_pj != pjIn)
     718             :             {
     719        3817 :                 reset();
     720        3817 :                 m_pj = pjIn;
     721             :             }
     722        3822 :             return *this;
     723             :         }
     724             : 
     725     1991790 :         operator PJ *()
     726             :         {
     727     1991790 :             return m_pj;
     728             :         }
     729             : 
     730        2884 :         operator const PJ *() const
     731             :         {
     732        2884 :             return m_pj;
     733             :         }
     734             :     };
     735             : 
     736             :     OGRSpatialReference *poSRSSource = nullptr;
     737             :     OGRAxisOrientation m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient = OAO_Other;
     738             :     bool bSourceLatLong = false;
     739             :     bool bSourceWrap = false;
     740             :     double dfSourceWrapLong = 0.0;
     741             :     bool bSourceIsDynamicCRS = false;
     742             :     double dfSourceCoordinateEpoch = 0.0;
     743             :     std::string m_osSrcSRS{};  // WKT, PROJ4 or AUTH:CODE
     744             : 
     745             :     OGRSpatialReference *poSRSTarget = nullptr;
     746             :     OGRAxisOrientation m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient = OAO_Other;
     747             :     bool bTargetLatLong = false;
     748             :     bool bTargetWrap = false;
     749             :     double dfTargetWrapLong = 0.0;
     750             :     bool bTargetIsDynamicCRS = false;
     751             :     double dfTargetCoordinateEpoch = 0.0;
     752             :     std::string m_osTargetSRS{};  // WKT, PROJ4 or AUTH:CODE
     753             : 
     754             :     bool bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat = false;
     755             : 
     756             :     size_t nErrorCount = 0;
     757             : 
     758             :     double dfThreshold = 0.0;
     759             : 
     760             :     PjPtr m_pj{};
     761             :     bool m_bReversePj = false;
     762             : 
     763             :     bool m_bEmitErrors = true;
     764             : 
     765             :     bool bNoTransform = false;
     766             : 
     767             :     enum class Strategy
     768             :     {
     769             :         PROJ,
     770             :         BEST_ACCURACY,
     771             :         FIRST_MATCHING
     772             :     };
     773             :     Strategy m_eStrategy = Strategy::PROJ;
     774             : 
     775             :     bool
     776             :     ListCoordinateOperations(const char *pszSrcSRS, const char *pszTargetSRS,
     777             :                              const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options);
     778             : 
     779             :     struct Transformation
     780             :     {
     781             :         double minx = 0.0;
     782             :         double miny = 0.0;
     783             :         double maxx = 0.0;
     784             :         double maxy = 0.0;
     785             :         PjPtr pj{};
     786             :         CPLString osName{};
     787             :         CPLString osProjString{};
     788             :         double accuracy = 0.0;
     789             : 
     790           0 :         Transformation(double minxIn, double minyIn, double maxxIn,
     791             :                        double maxyIn, PJ *pjIn, const CPLString &osNameIn,
     792             :                        const CPLString &osProjStringIn, double accuracyIn)
     793           0 :             : minx(minxIn), miny(minyIn), maxx(maxxIn), maxy(maxyIn), pj(pjIn),
     794             :               osName(osNameIn), osProjString(osProjStringIn),
     795           0 :               accuracy(accuracyIn)
     796             :         {
     797           0 :         }
     798             :     };
     799             : 
     800             :     std::vector<Transformation> m_oTransformations{};
     801             :     int m_iCurTransformation = -1;
     802             :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions m_options{};
     803             : 
     804             :     bool m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed = false;
     805             :     std::string m_lastPjUsedPROJString{};
     806             :     bool m_differentOperationsUsed = false;
     807             : 
     808             :     void ComputeThreshold();
     809             :     void DetectWebMercatorToWGS84();
     810             : 
     811             :     OGRProjCT(const OGRProjCT &other);
     812             :     OGRProjCT &operator=(const OGRProjCT &) = delete;
     813             : 
     814             :     static CTCacheKey
     815             :     MakeCacheKey(const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS1, const char *pszSrcSRS,
     816             :                  const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS2, const char *pszTargetSRS,
     817             :                  const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options);
     818             :     bool ContainsNorthPole(const double xmin, const double ymin,
     819             :                            const double xmax, const double ymax,
     820             :                            bool lon_lat_order);
     821             :     bool ContainsSouthPole(const double xmin, const double ymin,
     822             :                            const double xmax, const double ymax,
     823             :                            bool lon_lat_order);
     824             : 
     825             :   public:
     826             :     OGRProjCT();
     827             :     ~OGRProjCT() override;
     828             : 
     829             :     int Initialize(const OGRSpatialReference *poSource, const char *pszSrcSRS,
     830             :                    const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget,
     831             :                    const char *pszTargetSRS,
     832             :                    const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options);
     833             : 
     834             :     const OGRSpatialReference *GetSourceCS() const override;
     835             :     const OGRSpatialReference *GetTargetCS() const override;
     836             : 
     837             :     int Transform(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z, double *t,
     838             :                   int *pabSuccess) override;
     839             : 
     840             :     int TransformWithErrorCodes(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z,
     841             :                                 double *t, int *panErrorCodes) override;
     842             : 
     843             :     int TransformBounds(const double xmin, const double ymin, const double xmax,
     844             :                         const double ymax, double *out_xmin, double *out_ymin,
     845             :                         double *out_xmax, double *out_ymax,
     846             :                         const int densify_pts) override;
     847             : 
     848          37 :     bool GetEmitErrors() const override
     849             :     {
     850          37 :         return m_bEmitErrors;
     851             :     }
     852             : 
     853        3903 :     void SetEmitErrors(bool bEmitErrors) override
     854             :     {
     855        3903 :         m_bEmitErrors = bEmitErrors;
     856        3903 :     }
     857             : 
     858             :     OGRCoordinateTransformation *Clone() const override;
     859             : 
     860             :     OGRCoordinateTransformation *GetInverse() const override;
     861             : 
     862             :     static void InsertIntoCache(OGRProjCT *poCT);
     863             : 
     864             :     static OGRProjCT *
     865             :     FindFromCache(const OGRSpatialReference *poSource, const char *pszSrcSRS,
     866             :                   const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget, const char *pszTargetSRS,
     867             :                   const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options);
     868             : };
     869             : 
     870             : /************************************************************************/
     871             : /*                   OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStart()                */
     872             : /************************************************************************/
     873             : 
     874         558 : void OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStart(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT)
     875             : {
     876         558 :     auto poOGRCT = dynamic_cast<OGRProjCT *>(poCT);
     877         558 :     if (poOGRCT)
     878             :     {
     879         558 :         poOGRCT->m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed = true;
     880         558 :         poOGRCT->m_differentOperationsUsed = false;
     881         558 :         poOGRCT->m_lastPjUsedPROJString.clear();
     882             :     }
     883             :     else
     884             :     {
     885           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
     886             :                  "OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStart() called with a non "
     887             :                  "OGRProjCT instance");
     888             :     }
     889         558 : }
     890             : 
     891             : /************************************************************************/
     892             : /*                   OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStop()                 */
     893             : /************************************************************************/
     894             : 
     895         558 : void OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStop(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT)
     896             : {
     897         558 :     auto poOGRCT = dynamic_cast<OGRProjCT *>(poCT);
     898         558 :     if (poOGRCT)
     899             :     {
     900         558 :         poOGRCT->m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed = false;
     901             :     }
     902             :     else
     903             :     {
     904           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
     905             :                  "OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsStop() called with a non "
     906             :                  "OGRProjCT instance");
     907             :     }
     908         558 : }
     909             : 
     910             : /************************************************************************/
     911             : /*                   OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsUsed()                 */
     912             : /************************************************************************/
     913             : 
     914         558 : bool OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsUsed(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT)
     915             : {
     916         558 :     auto poOGRCT = dynamic_cast<OGRProjCT *>(poCT);
     917         558 :     if (poOGRCT)
     918             :     {
     919         558 :         return poOGRCT->m_differentOperationsUsed;
     920             :     }
     921             :     else
     922             :     {
     923           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
     924             :                  "OGRProjCTDifferentOperationsReset() called with a non "
     925             :                  "OGRProjCT instance");
     926           0 :         return false;
     927             :     }
     928             : }
     929             : 
     930             : //! @endcond
     931             : 
     932             : /************************************************************************/
     933             : /*                    ~OGRCoordinateTransformation()                    */
     934             : /************************************************************************/
     935             : 
     936             : OGRCoordinateTransformation::~OGRCoordinateTransformation() = default;
     937             : 
     938             : /************************************************************************/
     939             : /*                 OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation()                 */
     940             : /************************************************************************/
     941             : 
     942             : /**
     943             :  * \brief OGRCoordinateTransformation destructor.
     944             :  *
     945             :  * This function is the same as OGRCoordinateTransformation::DestroyCT()
     946             :  *
     947             :  * @param hCT the object to delete
     948             :  */
     949             : 
     950             : void CPL_STDCALL
     951         383 : OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hCT)
     952             : 
     953             : {
     954         383 :     OGRCoordinateTransformation::DestroyCT(
     955             :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hCT));
     956         383 : }
     957             : 
     958             : /************************************************************************/
     959             : /*                             DestroyCT()                              */
     960             : /************************************************************************/
     961             : 
     962             : /**
     963             :  * \brief OGRCoordinateTransformation destructor.
     964             :  *
     965             :  * This function is the same as
     966             :  * OGRCoordinateTransformation::~OGRCoordinateTransformation()
     967             :  * and OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation()
     968             :  *
     969             :  * This static method will destroy a OGRCoordinateTransformation.  It is
     970             :  * equivalent to calling delete on the object, but it ensures that the
     971             :  * deallocation is properly executed within the OGR libraries heap on
     972             :  * platforms where this can matter (win32).
     973             :  *
     974             :  * @param poCT the object to delete
     975             :  *
     976             :  * @since GDAL 1.7.0
     977             :  */
     978             : 
     979        3775 : void OGRCoordinateTransformation::DestroyCT(OGRCoordinateTransformation *poCT)
     980             : {
     981        3775 :     auto poProjCT = dynamic_cast<OGRProjCT *>(poCT);
     982        3775 :     if (poProjCT)
     983             :     {
     984        3769 :         OGRProjCT::InsertIntoCache(poProjCT);
     985             :     }
     986             :     else
     987             :     {
     988           6 :         delete poCT;
     989             :     }
     990        3775 : }
     991             : 
     992             : /************************************************************************/
     993             : /*                 OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation()                  */
     994             : /************************************************************************/
     995             : 
     996             : /**
     997             :  * Create transformation object.
     998             :  *
     999             :  * This is the same as the C function OCTNewCoordinateTransformation().
    1000             :  *
    1001             :  * Input spatial reference system objects are assigned
    1002             :  * by copy (calling clone() method) and no ownership transfer occurs.
    1003             :  *
    1004             :  * The delete operator, or OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation() should
    1005             :  * be used to destroy transformation objects.
    1006             :  *
    1007             :  * This will honour the axis order advertized by the source and target SRS,
    1008             :  * as well as their "data axis to SRS axis mapping".
    1009             :  * To have a behavior similar to GDAL &lt; 3.0, the
    1010             :  * OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER configuration option can be set to YES.
    1011             :  *
    1012             :  * @param poSource source spatial reference system.
    1013             :  * @param poTarget target spatial reference system.
    1014             :  * @return NULL on failure or a ready to use transformation object.
    1015             :  */
    1016             : 
    1017             : OGRCoordinateTransformation *
    1018        3146 : OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(const OGRSpatialReference *poSource,
    1019             :                                   const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget)
    1020             : 
    1021             : {
    1022        3146 :     return OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
    1023        6292 :         poSource, poTarget, OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions());
    1024             : }
    1025             : 
    1026             : /**
    1027             :  * Create transformation object.
    1028             :  *
    1029             :  * This is the same as the C function OCTNewCoordinateTransformationEx().
    1030             :  *
    1031             :  * Input spatial reference system objects are assigned
    1032             :  * by copy (calling clone() method) and no ownership transfer occurs.
    1033             :  *
    1034             :  * The delete operator, or OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation() should
    1035             :  * be used to destroy transformation objects.
    1036             :  *
    1037             :  * This will honour the axis order advertized by the source and target SRS,
    1038             :  * as well as their "data axis to SRS axis mapping".
    1039             :  * To have a behavior similar to GDAL &lt; 3.0, the
    1040             :  * OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER configuration option can be set to YES.
    1041             :  *
    1042             :  * The source SRS and target SRS should generally not be NULL. This is only
    1043             :  * allowed if a custom coordinate operation is set through the hOptions
    1044             :  * argument.
    1045             :  *
    1046             :  * Starting with GDAL 3.0.3, the OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION configuration option can be
    1047             :  * set to PROJ (default if PROJ >= 6.3), BEST_ACCURACY or FIRST_MATCHING to
    1048             :  * decide of the strategy to select the operation to use among candidates, whose
    1049             :  * area of use is compatible with the points to transform. It is only taken into
    1050             :  * account if no user defined coordinate transformation pipeline has been
    1051             :  * specified. <ul> <li>PROJ means the default behavior used by PROJ
    1052             :  * proj_create_crs_to_crs(). In particular the operation to use among several
    1053             :  * initial candidates is evaluated for each point to transform.</li>
    1054             :  * <li>BEST_ACCURACY means the operation whose accuracy is best. It should be
    1055             :  *     close to PROJ behavior, except that the operation to select is decided
    1056             :  *     for the average point of the coordinates passed in a single Transform()
    1057             :  * call. Note: if the OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetDesiredAccuracy()
    1058             :  * or OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions::SetBallparkAllowed() methods are
    1059             :  * called with PROJ < 8, this strategy will be selected instead of PROJ.
    1060             :  * </li>
    1061             :  * <li>FIRST_MATCHING is the operation ordered first in the list of candidates:
    1062             :  *     it will not necessarily have the best accuracy, but generally a larger
    1063             :  * area of use.  It is evaluated for the average point of the coordinates passed
    1064             :  * in a single Transform() call. This was the default behavior for GDAL 3.0.0 to
    1065             :  *     3.0.2</li>
    1066             :  * </ul>
    1067             :  *
    1068             :  * By default, if the source or target SRS definition refers to an official
    1069             :  * CRS through a code, GDAL will use the official definition if the official
    1070             :  * definition and the source/target SRS definition are equivalent. Note that
    1071             :  * TOWGS84[] clauses are ignored when checking equivalence. Starting with
    1072             :  * GDAL 3.4.1, if you set the OGR_CT_PREFER_OFFICIAL_SRS_DEF configuration
    1073             :  * option to NO, the source or target SRS definition will be always used.
    1074             :  *
    1075             :  * If options contains a user defined coordinate transformation pipeline, it
    1076             :  * will be unconditionally used.
    1077             :  * If options has an area of interest defined, it will be used to research the
    1078             :  * best fitting coordinate transformation (which will be used for all coordinate
    1079             :  * transformations, even if they don't fall into the declared area of interest)
    1080             :  * If no options are set, then a list of candidate coordinate operations will be
    1081             :  * researched, and at each call to Transform(), the best of those candidate
    1082             :  * regarding the centroid of the coordinate set will be dynamically selected.
    1083             :  *
    1084             :  * @param poSource source spatial reference system.
    1085             :  * @param poTarget target spatial reference system.
    1086             :  * @param options Coordinate transformation options.
    1087             :  * @return NULL on failure or a ready to use transformation object.
    1088             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
    1089             :  */
    1090             : 
    1091        4448 : OGRCoordinateTransformation *OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
    1092             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poSource, const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget,
    1093             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    1094             : 
    1095             : {
    1096        4448 :     char *pszSrcSRS = poSource ? GetTextRepresentation(poSource) : nullptr;
    1097        4448 :     char *pszTargetSRS = poTarget ? GetTextRepresentation(poTarget) : nullptr;
    1098             :     // Try to find if we have a match in the case
    1099        4448 :     OGRProjCT *poCT = OGRProjCT::FindFromCache(poSource, pszSrcSRS, poTarget,
    1100             :                                                pszTargetSRS, options);
    1101        4448 :     if (poCT == nullptr)
    1102             :     {
    1103        2513 :         poCT = new OGRProjCT();
    1104        2513 :         if (!poCT->Initialize(poSource, pszSrcSRS, poTarget, pszTargetSRS,
    1105             :                               options))
    1106             :         {
    1107          12 :             delete poCT;
    1108          12 :             poCT = nullptr;
    1109             :         }
    1110             :     }
    1111        4448 :     CPLFree(pszSrcSRS);
    1112        4448 :     CPLFree(pszTargetSRS);
    1113             : 
    1114        4448 :     return poCT;
    1115             : }
    1116             : 
    1117             : /************************************************************************/
    1118             : /*                   OCTNewCoordinateTransformation()                   */
    1119             : /************************************************************************/
    1120             : 
    1121             : /**
    1122             :  * Create transformation object.
    1123             :  *
    1124             :  * This is the same as the C++ function OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(const
    1125             :  * OGRSpatialReference *, const OGRSpatialReference *)
    1126             :  *
    1127             :  * Input spatial reference system objects are assigned
    1128             :  * by copy (calling clone() method) and no ownership transfer occurs.
    1129             :  *
    1130             :  * OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation() should
    1131             :  * be used to destroy transformation objects.
    1132             :  *
    1133             :  * This will honour the axis order advertized by the source and target SRS,
    1134             :  * as well as their "data axis to SRS axis mapping".
    1135             :  * To have a behavior similar to GDAL &lt; 3.0, the
    1136             :  * OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER configuration option can be set to YES.
    1137             :  *
    1138             :  * @param hSourceSRS source spatial reference system.
    1139             :  * @param hTargetSRS target spatial reference system.
    1140             :  * @return NULL on failure or a ready to use transformation object.
    1141             :  */
    1142             : 
    1143         357 : OGRCoordinateTransformationH CPL_STDCALL OCTNewCoordinateTransformation(
    1144             :     OGRSpatialReferenceH hSourceSRS, OGRSpatialReferenceH hTargetSRS)
    1145             : 
    1146             : {
    1147             :     return reinterpret_cast<OGRCoordinateTransformationH>(
    1148         357 :         OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
    1149             :             reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(hSourceSRS),
    1150         357 :             reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(hTargetSRS)));
    1151             : }
    1152             : 
    1153             : /************************************************************************/
    1154             : /*                   OCTNewCoordinateTransformationEx()                 */
    1155             : /************************************************************************/
    1156             : 
    1157             : /**
    1158             :  * Create transformation object.
    1159             :  *
    1160             :  * This is the same as the C++ function OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(const
    1161             :  * OGRSpatialReference *, const OGRSpatialReference *, const
    1162             :  * OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions& )
    1163             :  *
    1164             :  * Input spatial reference system objects are assigned
    1165             :  * by copy (calling clone() method) and no ownership transfer occurs.
    1166             :  *
    1167             :  * OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation() should
    1168             :  * be used to destroy transformation objects.
    1169             :  *
    1170             :  * The source SRS and target SRS should generally not be NULL. This is only
    1171             :  * allowed if a custom coordinate operation is set through the hOptions
    1172             :  * argument.
    1173             :  *
    1174             :  * This will honour the axis order advertized by the source and target SRS,
    1175             :  * as well as their "data axis to SRS axis mapping".
    1176             :  * To have a behavior similar to GDAL &lt; 3.0, the
    1177             :  * OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER configuration option can be set to YES.
    1178             :  *
    1179             :  * If options contains a user defined coordinate transformation pipeline, it
    1180             :  * will be unconditionally used.
    1181             :  * If options has an area of interest defined, it will be used to research the
    1182             :  * best fitting coordinate transformation (which will be used for all coordinate
    1183             :  * transformations, even if they don't fall into the declared area of interest)
    1184             :  * If no options are set, then a list of candidate coordinate operations will be
    1185             :  * researched, and at each call to Transform(), the best of those candidate
    1186             :  * regarding the centroid of the coordinate set will be dynamically selected.
    1187             :  *
    1188             :  * @param hSourceSRS source spatial reference system.
    1189             :  * @param hTargetSRS target spatial reference system.
    1190             :  * @param hOptions Coordinate transformation options.
    1191             :  * @return NULL on failure or a ready to use transformation object.
    1192             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
    1193             :  */
    1194             : 
    1195             : OGRCoordinateTransformationH
    1196          12 : OCTNewCoordinateTransformationEx(OGRSpatialReferenceH hSourceSRS,
    1197             :                                  OGRSpatialReferenceH hTargetSRS,
    1198             :                                  OGRCoordinateTransformationOptionsH hOptions)
    1199             : 
    1200             : {
    1201             :     return reinterpret_cast<OGRCoordinateTransformationH>(
    1202          12 :         OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(
    1203             :             reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(hSourceSRS),
    1204             :             reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(hTargetSRS),
    1205          24 :             hOptions ? *hOptions : OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions()));
    1206             : }
    1207             : 
    1208             : /************************************************************************/
    1209             : /*                              OCTClone()                              */
    1210             : /************************************************************************/
    1211             : 
    1212             : /**
    1213             :  * Clone transformation object.
    1214             :  *
    1215             :  * This is the same as the C++ function OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation::Clone
    1216             :  *
    1217             :  * @return handle to transformation's clone or NULL on error,
    1218             :  *         must be freed with OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation
    1219             :  *
    1220             :  * @since GDAL 3.4
    1221             :  */
    1222             : 
    1223           1 : OGRCoordinateTransformationH OCTClone(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform)
    1224             : 
    1225             : {
    1226           1 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTClone", nullptr);
    1227           1 :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::ToHandle(
    1228           2 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)->Clone());
    1229             : }
    1230             : 
    1231             : /************************************************************************/
    1232             : /*                             OCTGetSourceCS()                         */
    1233             : /************************************************************************/
    1234             : 
    1235             : /**
    1236             :  * Transformation's source coordinate system reference.
    1237             :  *
    1238             :  * This is the same as the C++ function
    1239             :  * OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation::GetSourceCS
    1240             :  *
    1241             :  * @return handle to transformation's source coordinate system or NULL if not
    1242             :  * present.
    1243             :  *
    1244             :  * The ownership of the returned SRS belongs to the transformation object, and
    1245             :  * the returned SRS should not be modified.
    1246             :  *
    1247             :  * @since GDAL 3.4
    1248             :  */
    1249             : 
    1250           1 : OGRSpatialReferenceH OCTGetSourceCS(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform)
    1251             : 
    1252             : {
    1253           1 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTGetSourceCS", nullptr);
    1254           1 :     return OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(const_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(
    1255           1 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)->GetSourceCS()));
    1256             : }
    1257             : 
    1258             : /************************************************************************/
    1259             : /*                             OCTGetTargetCS()                         */
    1260             : /************************************************************************/
    1261             : 
    1262             : /**
    1263             :  * Transformation's target coordinate system reference.
    1264             :  *
    1265             :  * This is the same as the C++ function
    1266             :  * OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation::GetTargetCS
    1267             :  *
    1268             :  * @return handle to transformation's target coordinate system or NULL if not
    1269             :  * present.
    1270             :  *
    1271             :  * The ownership of the returned SRS belongs to the transformation object, and
    1272             :  * the returned SRS should not be modified.
    1273             :  *
    1274             :  * @since GDAL 3.4
    1275             :  */
    1276             : 
    1277           1 : OGRSpatialReferenceH OCTGetTargetCS(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform)
    1278             : 
    1279             : {
    1280           1 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTGetTargetCS", nullptr);
    1281           1 :     return OGRSpatialReference::ToHandle(const_cast<OGRSpatialReference *>(
    1282           1 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)->GetTargetCS()));
    1283             : }
    1284             : 
    1285             : /************************************************************************/
    1286             : /*                             OCTGetInverse()                          */
    1287             : /************************************************************************/
    1288             : 
    1289             : /**
    1290             :  * Inverse transformation object.
    1291             :  *
    1292             :  * This is the same as the C++ function
    1293             :  * OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation::GetInverse
    1294             :  *
    1295             :  * @return handle to inverse transformation or NULL on error,
    1296             :  *         must be freed with OCTDestroyCoordinateTransformation
    1297             :  *
    1298             :  * @since GDAL 3.4
    1299             :  */
    1300             : 
    1301             : OGRCoordinateTransformationH CPL_DLL
    1302           2 : OCTGetInverse(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform)
    1303             : 
    1304             : {
    1305           2 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTGetInverse", nullptr);
    1306           2 :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::ToHandle(
    1307           4 :         OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)->GetInverse());
    1308             : }
    1309             : 
    1310             : /************************************************************************/
    1311             : /*                             OGRProjCT()                             */
    1312             : /************************************************************************/
    1313             : 
    1314             : //! @cond Doxygen_Suppress
    1315        3915 : OGRProjCT::OGRProjCT()
    1316             : {
    1317        3915 : }
    1318             : 
    1319             : /************************************************************************/
    1320             : /*                  OGRProjCT(const OGRProjCT& other)                   */
    1321             : /************************************************************************/
    1322             : 
    1323          23 : OGRProjCT::OGRProjCT(const OGRProjCT &other)
    1324          23 :     : poSRSSource((other.poSRSSource != nullptr) ? (other.poSRSSource->Clone())
    1325             :                                                  : (nullptr)),
    1326          23 :       m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient(other.m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient),
    1327          23 :       bSourceLatLong(other.bSourceLatLong), bSourceWrap(other.bSourceWrap),
    1328          23 :       dfSourceWrapLong(other.dfSourceWrapLong),
    1329          23 :       bSourceIsDynamicCRS(other.bSourceIsDynamicCRS),
    1330          23 :       dfSourceCoordinateEpoch(other.dfSourceCoordinateEpoch),
    1331          23 :       m_osSrcSRS(other.m_osSrcSRS),
    1332          23 :       poSRSTarget((other.poSRSTarget != nullptr) ? (other.poSRSTarget->Clone())
    1333             :                                                  : (nullptr)),
    1334          23 :       m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient(other.m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient),
    1335          23 :       bTargetLatLong(other.bTargetLatLong), bTargetWrap(other.bTargetWrap),
    1336          23 :       dfTargetWrapLong(other.dfTargetWrapLong),
    1337          23 :       bTargetIsDynamicCRS(other.bTargetIsDynamicCRS),
    1338          23 :       dfTargetCoordinateEpoch(other.dfTargetCoordinateEpoch),
    1339          23 :       m_osTargetSRS(other.m_osTargetSRS),
    1340          23 :       bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat(other.bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat),
    1341          23 :       nErrorCount(other.nErrorCount), dfThreshold(other.dfThreshold),
    1342          46 :       m_pj(other.m_pj), m_bReversePj(other.m_bReversePj),
    1343          23 :       m_bEmitErrors(other.m_bEmitErrors), bNoTransform(other.bNoTransform),
    1344          23 :       m_eStrategy(other.m_eStrategy),
    1345          23 :       m_oTransformations(other.m_oTransformations),
    1346          23 :       m_iCurTransformation(other.m_iCurTransformation),
    1347          23 :       m_options(other.m_options), m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed(false),
    1348          69 :       m_lastPjUsedPROJString(std::string()), m_differentOperationsUsed(false)
    1349             : {
    1350          23 : }
    1351             : 
    1352             : /************************************************************************/
    1353             : /*                            ~OGRProjCT()                             */
    1354             : /************************************************************************/
    1355             : 
    1356        7104 : OGRProjCT::~OGRProjCT()
    1357             : 
    1358             : {
    1359        3552 :     if (poSRSSource != nullptr)
    1360             :     {
    1361        3541 :         poSRSSource->Release();
    1362             :     }
    1363             : 
    1364        3552 :     if (poSRSTarget != nullptr)
    1365             :     {
    1366        3539 :         poSRSTarget->Release();
    1367             :     }
    1368        7104 : }
    1369             : 
    1370             : /************************************************************************/
    1371             : /*                          ComputeThreshold()                          */
    1372             : /************************************************************************/
    1373             : 
    1374        3914 : void OGRProjCT::ComputeThreshold()
    1375             : {
    1376             :     // The threshold is experimental. Works well with the cases of ticket #2305.
    1377        3914 :     if (bSourceLatLong)
    1378             :     {
    1379             :         // coverity[tainted_data]
    1380        2754 :         dfThreshold = CPLAtof(CPLGetConfigOption("THRESHOLD", ".1"));
    1381             :     }
    1382             :     else
    1383             :     {
    1384             :         // 1 works well for most projections, except for +proj=aeqd that
    1385             :         // requires a tolerance of 10000.
    1386             :         // coverity[tainted_data]
    1387        1160 :         dfThreshold = CPLAtof(CPLGetConfigOption("THRESHOLD", "10000"));
    1388             :     }
    1389        3914 : }
    1390             : 
    1391             : /************************************************************************/
    1392             : /*                        DetectWebMercatorToWGS84()                    */
    1393             : /************************************************************************/
    1394             : 
    1395        3914 : void OGRProjCT::DetectWebMercatorToWGS84()
    1396             : {
    1397             :     // Detect webmercator to WGS84
    1398        7792 :     if (m_options.d->osCoordOperation.empty() && poSRSSource && poSRSTarget &&
    1399       12550 :         poSRSSource->IsProjected() && poSRSTarget->IsGeographic() &&
    1400         844 :         ((m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient == OAO_North &&
    1401         729 :           poSRSTarget->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping() ==
    1402        4643 :               std::vector<int>{2, 1}) ||
    1403         136 :          (m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East &&
    1404         115 :           poSRSTarget->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping() ==
    1405        4029 :               std::vector<int>{1, 2})))
    1406             :     {
    1407             :         // Examine SRS ID before going to Proj4 string for faster execution
    1408             :         // This assumes that the SRS definition is "not lying", that is, it
    1409             :         // is equivalent to the resolution of the official EPSG code.
    1410         815 :         const char *pszSourceAuth = poSRSSource->GetAuthorityName(nullptr);
    1411         815 :         const char *pszSourceCode = poSRSSource->GetAuthorityCode(nullptr);
    1412         815 :         const char *pszTargetAuth = poSRSTarget->GetAuthorityName(nullptr);
    1413         815 :         const char *pszTargetCode = poSRSTarget->GetAuthorityCode(nullptr);
    1414         815 :         if (pszSourceAuth && pszSourceCode && pszTargetAuth && pszTargetCode &&
    1415         525 :             EQUAL(pszSourceAuth, "EPSG") && EQUAL(pszTargetAuth, "EPSG"))
    1416             :         {
    1417         513 :             bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat =
    1418         770 :                 (EQUAL(pszSourceCode, "3857") ||
    1419         257 :                  EQUAL(pszSourceCode, "3785") ||     // deprecated
    1420        1026 :                  EQUAL(pszSourceCode, "900913")) &&  // deprecated
    1421         256 :                 EQUAL(pszTargetCode, "4326");
    1422             :         }
    1423             :         else
    1424             :         {
    1425         302 :             CPLPushErrorHandler(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    1426         302 :             char *pszSrcProj4Defn = nullptr;
    1427         302 :             poSRSSource->exportToProj4(&pszSrcProj4Defn);
    1428             : 
    1429         302 :             char *pszDstProj4Defn = nullptr;
    1430         302 :             poSRSTarget->exportToProj4(&pszDstProj4Defn);
    1431         302 :             CPLPopErrorHandler();
    1432             : 
    1433         302 :             if (pszSrcProj4Defn && pszDstProj4Defn)
    1434             :             {
    1435         302 :                 if (pszSrcProj4Defn[0] != '\0' &&
    1436         302 :                     pszSrcProj4Defn[strlen(pszSrcProj4Defn) - 1] == ' ')
    1437           0 :                     pszSrcProj4Defn[strlen(pszSrcProj4Defn) - 1] = 0;
    1438         302 :                 if (pszDstProj4Defn[0] != '\0' &&
    1439         302 :                     pszDstProj4Defn[strlen(pszDstProj4Defn) - 1] == ' ')
    1440           0 :                     pszDstProj4Defn[strlen(pszDstProj4Defn) - 1] = 0;
    1441         302 :                 char *pszNeedle = strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "  ");
    1442         302 :                 if (pszNeedle)
    1443           0 :                     memmove(pszNeedle, pszNeedle + 1,
    1444           0 :                             strlen(pszNeedle + 1) + 1);
    1445         302 :                 pszNeedle = strstr(pszDstProj4Defn, "  ");
    1446         302 :                 if (pszNeedle)
    1447           0 :                     memmove(pszNeedle, pszNeedle + 1,
    1448           0 :                             strlen(pszNeedle + 1) + 1);
    1449             : 
    1450         302 :                 if ((strstr(pszDstProj4Defn, "+datum=WGS84") != nullptr ||
    1451         150 :                      strstr(pszDstProj4Defn,
    1452             :                             "+ellps=WGS84 +towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ") !=
    1453         152 :                          nullptr) &&
    1454         152 :                     strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "+nadgrids=@null ") != nullptr &&
    1455          54 :                     strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "+towgs84") == nullptr)
    1456             :                 {
    1457             :                     char *pszDst =
    1458          54 :                         strstr(pszDstProj4Defn, "+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ");
    1459          54 :                     if (pszDst != nullptr)
    1460             :                     {
    1461           0 :                         char *pszSrc =
    1462             :                             pszDst + strlen("+towgs84=0,0,0,0,0,0,0 ");
    1463           0 :                         memmove(pszDst, pszSrc, strlen(pszSrc) + 1);
    1464             :                     }
    1465             :                     else
    1466             :                     {
    1467          54 :                         memcpy(strstr(pszDstProj4Defn, "+datum=WGS84"),
    1468             :                                "+ellps", 6);
    1469             :                     }
    1470             : 
    1471          54 :                     pszDst = strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "+nadgrids=@null ");
    1472          54 :                     char *pszSrc = pszDst + strlen("+nadgrids=@null ");
    1473          54 :                     memmove(pszDst, pszSrc, strlen(pszSrc) + 1);
    1474             : 
    1475          54 :                     pszDst = strstr(pszSrcProj4Defn, "+wktext ");
    1476          54 :                     if (pszDst)
    1477             :                     {
    1478          54 :                         pszSrc = pszDst + strlen("+wktext ");
    1479          54 :                         memmove(pszDst, pszSrc, strlen(pszSrc) + 1);
    1480             :                     }
    1481          54 :                     bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat =
    1482          54 :                         strcmp(pszDstProj4Defn,
    1483         108 :                                "+proj=longlat +ellps=WGS84 +no_defs") == 0 &&
    1484          54 :                         (strcmp(pszSrcProj4Defn,
    1485             :                                 "+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 "
    1486             :                                 "+lon_0=0.0 "
    1487             :                                 "+x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +no_defs") ==
    1488          54 :                              0 ||
    1489          54 :                          strcmp(pszSrcProj4Defn,
    1490             :                                 "+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0 "
    1491             :                                 "+lon_0=0 "
    1492             :                                 "+x_0=0 +y_0=0 +k=1 +units=m +no_defs") == 0);
    1493             :                 }
    1494             :             }
    1495             : 
    1496         302 :             CPLFree(pszSrcProj4Defn);
    1497         302 :             CPLFree(pszDstProj4Defn);
    1498             :         }
    1499             : 
    1500         815 :         if (bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat)
    1501             :         {
    1502         310 :             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Using WebMercator to WGS84 optimization");
    1503             :         }
    1504             :     }
    1505        3914 : }
    1506             : 
    1507             : /************************************************************************/
    1508             : /*                             Initialize()                             */
    1509             : /************************************************************************/
    1510             : 
    1511        2514 : int OGRProjCT::Initialize(const OGRSpatialReference *poSourceIn,
    1512             :                           const char *pszSrcSRS,
    1513             :                           const OGRSpatialReference *poTargetIn,
    1514             :                           const char *pszTargetSRS,
    1515             :                           const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    1516             : 
    1517             : {
    1518        2514 :     m_options = options;
    1519             : 
    1520        2514 :     if (poSourceIn == nullptr || poTargetIn == nullptr)
    1521             :     {
    1522          13 :         if (options.d->osCoordOperation.empty())
    1523             :         {
    1524           1 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    1525             :                      "OGRProjCT::Initialize(): if source and/or target CRS "
    1526             :                      "are null, a coordinate operation must be specified");
    1527           1 :             return FALSE;
    1528             :         }
    1529             :     }
    1530             : 
    1531        2513 :     if (poSourceIn)
    1532             :     {
    1533        2503 :         poSRSSource = poSourceIn->Clone();
    1534        2503 :         m_osSrcSRS = pszSrcSRS;
    1535             :     }
    1536        2513 :     if (poTargetIn)
    1537             :     {
    1538        2502 :         poSRSTarget = poTargetIn->Clone();
    1539        2502 :         m_osTargetSRS = pszTargetSRS;
    1540             :     }
    1541             : 
    1542             :     // To easy quick&dirty compatibility with GDAL < 3.0
    1543        2513 :     if (CPLTestBool(
    1544             :             CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_FORCE_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER", "NO")))
    1545             :     {
    1546           0 :         if (poSRSSource)
    1547           0 :             poSRSSource->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    1548           0 :         if (poSRSTarget)
    1549           0 :             poSRSTarget->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    1550             :     }
    1551             : 
    1552        2513 :     if (poSRSSource)
    1553             :     {
    1554        2503 :         bSourceLatLong = CPL_TO_BOOL(poSRSSource->IsGeographic());
    1555        2503 :         bSourceIsDynamicCRS = poSRSSource->IsDynamic();
    1556        2503 :         dfSourceCoordinateEpoch = poSRSSource->GetCoordinateEpoch();
    1557        2503 :         if (!bSourceIsDynamicCRS && dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1558             :         {
    1559           3 :             bSourceIsDynamicCRS = poSRSSource->HasPointMotionOperation();
    1560             :         }
    1561        2503 :         poSRSSource->GetAxis(nullptr, 0, &m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient);
    1562             :     }
    1563        2513 :     if (poSRSTarget)
    1564             :     {
    1565        2502 :         bTargetLatLong = CPL_TO_BOOL(poSRSTarget->IsGeographic());
    1566        2502 :         bTargetIsDynamicCRS = poSRSTarget->IsDynamic();
    1567        2502 :         dfTargetCoordinateEpoch = poSRSTarget->GetCoordinateEpoch();
    1568        2502 :         if (!bTargetIsDynamicCRS && dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1569             :         {
    1570           2 :             bTargetIsDynamicCRS = poSRSTarget->HasPointMotionOperation();
    1571             :         }
    1572        2502 :         poSRSTarget->GetAxis(nullptr, 0, &m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient);
    1573             :     }
    1574             : 
    1575             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR < 9 ||                                                  \
    1576             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR < 4)
    1577        2513 :     if (bSourceIsDynamicCRS && bTargetIsDynamicCRS &&
    1578        1404 :         dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0 && dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0 &&
    1579           0 :         dfSourceCoordinateEpoch != dfTargetCoordinateEpoch)
    1580             :     {
    1581           0 :         CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
    1582             :                  "Coordinate transformation between different epochs only"
    1583             :                  "supported since PROJ 9.4");
    1584             :     }
    1585             : #endif
    1586             : 
    1587             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1588             :     /*      Setup source and target translations to radians for lat/long    */
    1589             :     /*      systems.                                                        */
    1590             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1591        2513 :     bSourceWrap = false;
    1592        2513 :     dfSourceWrapLong = 0.0;
    1593             : 
    1594        2513 :     bTargetWrap = false;
    1595        2513 :     dfTargetWrapLong = 0.0;
    1596             : 
    1597             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1598             :     /*      Preliminary logic to setup wrapping.                            */
    1599             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    1600        2513 :     if (CPLGetConfigOption("CENTER_LONG", nullptr) != nullptr)
    1601             :     {
    1602           0 :         bSourceWrap = true;
    1603           0 :         bTargetWrap = true;
    1604             :         // coverity[tainted_data]
    1605           0 :         dfSourceWrapLong = dfTargetWrapLong =
    1606           0 :             CPLAtof(CPLGetConfigOption("CENTER_LONG", ""));
    1607           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap at %g.", dfSourceWrapLong);
    1608             :     }
    1609             : 
    1610             :     const char *pszCENTER_LONG;
    1611             :     {
    1612        2513 :         CPLErrorStateBackuper oErrorStateBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    1613        2513 :         pszCENTER_LONG =
    1614        2513 :             poSRSSource ? poSRSSource->GetExtension("GEOGCS", "CENTER_LONG")
    1615             :                         : nullptr;
    1616             :     }
    1617        2513 :     if (pszCENTER_LONG != nullptr)
    1618             :     {
    1619           0 :         dfSourceWrapLong = CPLAtof(pszCENTER_LONG);
    1620           0 :         bSourceWrap = true;
    1621           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap source at %g.", dfSourceWrapLong);
    1622             :     }
    1623        2513 :     else if (bSourceLatLong && options.d->bHasSourceCenterLong)
    1624             :     {
    1625         222 :         dfSourceWrapLong = options.d->dfSourceCenterLong;
    1626         222 :         bSourceWrap = true;
    1627         222 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap source at %g.", dfSourceWrapLong);
    1628             :     }
    1629             : 
    1630             :     {
    1631        2513 :         CPLErrorStateBackuper oErrorStateBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    1632        2513 :         pszCENTER_LONG =
    1633        2513 :             poSRSTarget ? poSRSTarget->GetExtension("GEOGCS", "CENTER_LONG")
    1634             :                         : nullptr;
    1635             :     }
    1636        2513 :     if (pszCENTER_LONG != nullptr)
    1637             :     {
    1638           0 :         dfTargetWrapLong = CPLAtof(pszCENTER_LONG);
    1639           0 :         bTargetWrap = true;
    1640           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap target at %g.", dfTargetWrapLong);
    1641             :     }
    1642        2513 :     else if (bTargetLatLong && options.d->bHasTargetCenterLong)
    1643             :     {
    1644           0 :         dfTargetWrapLong = options.d->dfTargetCenterLong;
    1645           0 :         bTargetWrap = true;
    1646           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Wrap target at %g.", dfTargetWrapLong);
    1647             :     }
    1648             : 
    1649        2513 :     ComputeThreshold();
    1650             : 
    1651        2513 :     DetectWebMercatorToWGS84();
    1652             : 
    1653             :     const char *pszCTOpSelection =
    1654        2513 :         CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION", nullptr);
    1655        2513 :     if (pszCTOpSelection)
    1656             :     {
    1657           0 :         if (EQUAL(pszCTOpSelection, "PROJ"))
    1658           0 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::PROJ;
    1659           0 :         else if (EQUAL(pszCTOpSelection, "BEST_ACCURACY"))
    1660           0 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::BEST_ACCURACY;
    1661           0 :         else if (EQUAL(pszCTOpSelection, "FIRST_MATCHING"))
    1662           0 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::FIRST_MATCHING;
    1663             :         else
    1664           0 :             CPLError(CE_Warning, CPLE_NotSupported,
    1665             :                      "OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION=%s not supported", pszCTOpSelection);
    1666             :     }
    1667             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR < 8
    1668             :     else
    1669             :     {
    1670        2513 :         if (options.d->dfAccuracy >= 0 || !options.d->bAllowBallpark)
    1671             :         {
    1672           6 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::BEST_ACCURACY;
    1673             :         }
    1674             :     }
    1675             : #endif
    1676        2513 :     if (m_eStrategy == Strategy::PROJ)
    1677             :     {
    1678             :         const char *pszUseApproxTMERC =
    1679        2507 :             CPLGetConfigOption("OSR_USE_APPROX_TMERC", nullptr);
    1680        2507 :         if (pszUseApproxTMERC && CPLTestBool(pszUseApproxTMERC))
    1681             :         {
    1682           4 :             CPLDebug("OSRCT", "Using OGR_CT_OP_SELECTION=BEST_ACCURACY as "
    1683             :                               "OSR_USE_APPROX_TMERC is set");
    1684           4 :             m_eStrategy = Strategy::BEST_ACCURACY;
    1685             :         }
    1686             :     }
    1687             : 
    1688        2513 :     if (!options.d->osCoordOperation.empty())
    1689             :     {
    1690          20 :         auto ctx = OSRGetProjTLSContext();
    1691          20 :         m_pj = proj_create(ctx, options.d->osCoordOperation);
    1692          20 :         if (!m_pj)
    1693             :         {
    1694           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
    1695             :                      "Cannot instantiate pipeline %s",
    1696           0 :                      options.d->osCoordOperation.c_str());
    1697           0 :             return FALSE;
    1698             :         }
    1699          20 :         m_bReversePj = options.d->bReverseCO;
    1700             : #ifdef DEBUG
    1701          20 :         auto info = proj_pj_info(m_pj);
    1702          20 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "%s %s(user set)", info.definition,
    1703          20 :                  m_bReversePj ? "(reversed) " : "");
    1704             : #endif
    1705             :     }
    1706        2493 :     else if (!bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat && poSRSSource && poSRSTarget)
    1707             :     {
    1708             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    1709             :         struct CPLTimeVal tvStart;
    1710             :         CPLGettimeofday(&tvStart, nullptr);
    1711             :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Before proj_create_crs_to_crs()");
    1712             : #endif
    1713             : #ifdef DEBUG
    1714        2407 :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Source CRS: '%s'", pszSrcSRS);
    1715        2407 :         if (dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1716           6 :             CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Source coordinate epoch: %.3f",
    1717             :                      dfSourceCoordinateEpoch);
    1718        2407 :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Target CRS: '%s'", pszTargetSRS);
    1719        2407 :         if (dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1720          10 :             CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Target coordinate epoch: %.3f",
    1721             :                      dfTargetCoordinateEpoch);
    1722             : #endif
    1723             : 
    1724        2407 :         if (m_eStrategy == Strategy::PROJ)
    1725             :         {
    1726        2397 :             PJ_AREA *area = nullptr;
    1727        2397 :             if (options.d->bHasAreaOfInterest)
    1728             :             {
    1729         344 :                 area = proj_area_create();
    1730         344 :                 proj_area_set_bbox(area, options.d->dfWestLongitudeDeg,
    1731         344 :                                    options.d->dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
    1732         344 :                                    options.d->dfEastLongitudeDeg,
    1733         344 :                                    options.d->dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
    1734             :             }
    1735        2397 :             auto ctx = OSRGetProjTLSContext();
    1736             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR >= 8
    1737             :             auto srcCRS = proj_create(ctx, pszSrcSRS);
    1738             :             auto targetCRS = proj_create(ctx, pszTargetSRS);
    1739             :             if (srcCRS == nullptr || targetCRS == nullptr)
    1740             :             {
    1741             :                 proj_destroy(srcCRS);
    1742             :                 proj_destroy(targetCRS);
    1743             :                 if (area)
    1744             :                     proj_area_destroy(area);
    1745             :                 return FALSE;
    1746             :             }
    1747             :             CPLStringList aosOptions;
    1748             :             if (options.d->dfAccuracy >= 0)
    1749             :                 aosOptions.SetNameValue(
    1750             :                     "ACCURACY", CPLSPrintf("%.17g", options.d->dfAccuracy));
    1751             :             if (!options.d->bAllowBallpark)
    1752             :                 aosOptions.SetNameValue("ALLOW_BALLPARK", "NO");
    1753             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 9 ||                                                  \
    1754             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 2)
    1755             :             if (options.d->bOnlyBestOptionSet)
    1756             :             {
    1757             :                 aosOptions.SetNameValue("ONLY_BEST",
    1758             :                                         options.d->bOnlyBest ? "YES" : "NO");
    1759             :             }
    1760             : #endif
    1761             : 
    1762             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 9 ||                                                  \
    1763             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 4)
    1764             :             if (bSourceIsDynamicCRS && dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0 &&
    1765             :                 bTargetIsDynamicCRS && dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0)
    1766             :             {
    1767             :                 auto srcCM = proj_coordinate_metadata_create(
    1768             :                     ctx, srcCRS, dfSourceCoordinateEpoch);
    1769             :                 proj_destroy(srcCRS);
    1770             :                 srcCRS = srcCM;
    1771             : 
    1772             :                 auto targetCM = proj_coordinate_metadata_create(
    1773             :                     ctx, targetCRS, dfTargetCoordinateEpoch);
    1774             :                 proj_destroy(targetCRS);
    1775             :                 targetCRS = targetCM;
    1776             :             }
    1777             : #endif
    1778             : 
    1779             :             m_pj = proj_create_crs_to_crs_from_pj(ctx, srcCRS, targetCRS, area,
    1780             :                                                   aosOptions.List());
    1781             :             proj_destroy(srcCRS);
    1782             :             proj_destroy(targetCRS);
    1783             : #else
    1784        2397 :             m_pj = proj_create_crs_to_crs(ctx, pszSrcSRS, pszTargetSRS, area);
    1785             : #endif
    1786        2397 :             if (area)
    1787         344 :                 proj_area_destroy(area);
    1788        2397 :             if (m_pj == nullptr)
    1789             :             {
    1790           5 :                 CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
    1791             :                          "Cannot find coordinate operations from `%s' to `%s'",
    1792             :                          pszSrcSRS, pszTargetSRS);
    1793           5 :                 return FALSE;
    1794             :             }
    1795             :         }
    1796          10 :         else if (!ListCoordinateOperations(pszSrcSRS, pszTargetSRS, options))
    1797             :         {
    1798           6 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_NotSupported,
    1799             :                      "Cannot find coordinate operations from `%s' to `%s'",
    1800             :                      pszSrcSRS, pszTargetSRS);
    1801           6 :             return FALSE;
    1802             :         }
    1803             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    1804             :         struct CPLTimeVal tvEnd;
    1805             :         CPLGettimeofday(&tvEnd, nullptr);
    1806             :         const double delay = (tvEnd.tv_sec + tvEnd.tv_usec * 1e-6) -
    1807             :                              (tvStart.tv_sec + tvStart.tv_usec * 1e-6);
    1808             :         g_dfTotalTimeCRStoCRS += delay;
    1809             :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "After proj_create_crs_to_crs(): %d ms",
    1810             :                  static_cast<int>(delay * 1000));
    1811             : #endif
    1812             :     }
    1813             : 
    1814        4984 :     if (options.d->osCoordOperation.empty() && poSRSSource && poSRSTarget &&
    1815        2482 :         (dfSourceCoordinateEpoch == 0 || dfTargetCoordinateEpoch == 0 ||
    1816           0 :          dfSourceCoordinateEpoch == dfTargetCoordinateEpoch))
    1817             :     {
    1818             :         // Determine if we can skip the transformation completely.
    1819        2482 :         const char *const apszOptionsIsSame[] = {"CRITERION=EQUIVALENT",
    1820             :                                                  nullptr};
    1821        2482 :         bNoTransform =
    1822        4744 :             !bSourceWrap && !bTargetWrap &&
    1823        2262 :             CPL_TO_BOOL(poSRSSource->IsSame(poSRSTarget, apszOptionsIsSame));
    1824             :     }
    1825             : 
    1826        2502 :     return TRUE;
    1827             : }
    1828             : 
    1829             : /************************************************************************/
    1830             : /*                               op_to_pj()                             */
    1831             : /************************************************************************/
    1832             : 
    1833           4 : static PJ *op_to_pj(PJ_CONTEXT *ctx, PJ *op,
    1834             :                     CPLString *osOutProjString = nullptr)
    1835             : {
    1836             :     // OSR_USE_ETMERC is here just for legacy
    1837           4 :     bool bForceApproxTMerc = false;
    1838           4 :     const char *pszUseETMERC = CPLGetConfigOption("OSR_USE_ETMERC", nullptr);
    1839           4 :     if (pszUseETMERC && pszUseETMERC[0])
    1840             :     {
    1841           0 :         CPLErrorOnce(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
    1842             :                      "OSR_USE_ETMERC is a legacy configuration option, which "
    1843             :                      "now has only effect when set to NO (YES is the default). "
    1844             :                      "Use OSR_USE_APPROX_TMERC=YES instead");
    1845           0 :         bForceApproxTMerc = !CPLTestBool(pszUseETMERC);
    1846             :     }
    1847             :     else
    1848             :     {
    1849             :         const char *pszUseApproxTMERC =
    1850           4 :             CPLGetConfigOption("OSR_USE_APPROX_TMERC", nullptr);
    1851           4 :         if (pszUseApproxTMERC && pszUseApproxTMERC[0])
    1852             :         {
    1853           4 :             bForceApproxTMerc = CPLTestBool(pszUseApproxTMERC);
    1854             :         }
    1855             :     }
    1856           4 :     const char *options[] = {
    1857           4 :         bForceApproxTMerc ? "USE_APPROX_TMERC=YES" : nullptr, nullptr};
    1858           4 :     auto proj_string = proj_as_proj_string(ctx, op, PJ_PROJ_5, options);
    1859           4 :     if (!proj_string)
    1860             :     {
    1861           0 :         return nullptr;
    1862             :     }
    1863           4 :     if (osOutProjString)
    1864           0 :         *osOutProjString = proj_string;
    1865             : 
    1866           4 :     if (proj_string[0] == '\0')
    1867             :     {
    1868             :         /* Null transform ? */
    1869           0 :         return proj_create(ctx, "proj=affine");
    1870             :     }
    1871             :     else
    1872             :     {
    1873           4 :         return proj_create(ctx, proj_string);
    1874             :     }
    1875             : }
    1876             : 
    1877             : /************************************************************************/
    1878             : /*                       ListCoordinateOperations()                     */
    1879             : /************************************************************************/
    1880             : 
    1881          10 : bool OGRProjCT::ListCoordinateOperations(
    1882             :     const char *pszSrcSRS, const char *pszTargetSRS,
    1883             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    1884             : {
    1885          10 :     auto ctx = OSRGetProjTLSContext();
    1886             : 
    1887          10 :     auto src = proj_create(ctx, pszSrcSRS);
    1888          10 :     if (!src)
    1889             :     {
    1890           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot instantiate source_crs");
    1891           0 :         return false;
    1892             :     }
    1893             : 
    1894          10 :     auto dst = proj_create(ctx, pszTargetSRS);
    1895          10 :     if (!dst)
    1896             :     {
    1897           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "Cannot instantiate target_crs");
    1898           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1899           0 :         return false;
    1900             :     }
    1901             : 
    1902          10 :     auto operation_ctx = proj_create_operation_factory_context(ctx, nullptr);
    1903          10 :     if (!operation_ctx)
    1904             :     {
    1905           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1906           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    1907           0 :         return false;
    1908             :     }
    1909             : 
    1910          10 :     proj_operation_factory_context_set_spatial_criterion(
    1911             :         ctx, operation_ctx, PROJ_SPATIAL_CRITERION_PARTIAL_INTERSECTION);
    1912          10 :     proj_operation_factory_context_set_grid_availability_use(
    1913             :         ctx, operation_ctx,
    1914             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR >= 7
    1915             :         proj_context_is_network_enabled(ctx)
    1916             :             ? PROJ_GRID_AVAILABILITY_KNOWN_AVAILABLE
    1917             :             :
    1918             : #endif
    1919             :             PROJ_GRID_AVAILABILITY_DISCARD_OPERATION_IF_MISSING_GRID);
    1920             : 
    1921          10 :     if (options.d->bHasAreaOfInterest)
    1922             :     {
    1923           2 :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_area_of_interest(
    1924           2 :             ctx, operation_ctx, options.d->dfWestLongitudeDeg,
    1925           2 :             options.d->dfSouthLatitudeDeg, options.d->dfEastLongitudeDeg,
    1926           2 :             options.d->dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
    1927             :     }
    1928             : 
    1929          10 :     if (options.d->dfAccuracy >= 0)
    1930           2 :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_desired_accuracy(
    1931           2 :             ctx, operation_ctx, options.d->dfAccuracy);
    1932          10 :     if (!options.d->bAllowBallpark)
    1933             :     {
    1934             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 7 ||                                                  \
    1935             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 7 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 1)
    1936             :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_allow_ballpark_transformations(
    1937             :             ctx, operation_ctx, FALSE);
    1938             : #else
    1939           4 :         if (options.d->dfAccuracy < 0)
    1940             :         {
    1941           4 :             proj_operation_factory_context_set_desired_accuracy(
    1942             :                 ctx, operation_ctx, HUGE_VAL);
    1943             :         }
    1944             : #endif
    1945             :     }
    1946             : 
    1947          10 :     auto op_list = proj_create_operations(ctx, src, dst, operation_ctx);
    1948             : 
    1949          10 :     if (!op_list)
    1950             :     {
    1951           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    1952           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1953           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    1954           0 :         return false;
    1955             :     }
    1956             : 
    1957          10 :     auto op_count = proj_list_get_count(op_list);
    1958          10 :     if (op_count == 0)
    1959             :     {
    1960           6 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    1961           6 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    1962           6 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1963           6 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    1964           6 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "No operation found matching criteria");
    1965           6 :         return false;
    1966             :     }
    1967             : 
    1968           0 :     if (op_count == 1 || options.d->bHasAreaOfInterest ||
    1969           4 :         proj_get_type(src) == PJ_TYPE_GEOCENTRIC_CRS ||
    1970           0 :         proj_get_type(dst) == PJ_TYPE_GEOCENTRIC_CRS)
    1971             :     {
    1972           4 :         auto op = proj_list_get(ctx, op_list, 0);
    1973           4 :         CPLAssert(op);
    1974           4 :         m_pj = op_to_pj(ctx, op);
    1975           8 :         CPLString osName;
    1976           4 :         auto name = proj_get_name(op);
    1977           4 :         if (name)
    1978           4 :             osName = name;
    1979           4 :         proj_destroy(op);
    1980           4 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    1981           4 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    1982           4 :         proj_destroy(src);
    1983           4 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    1984           4 :         if (!m_pj)
    1985           0 :             return false;
    1986             : #ifdef DEBUG
    1987           4 :         auto info = proj_pj_info(m_pj);
    1988           4 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "%s (%s)", info.definition, osName.c_str());
    1989             : #endif
    1990           4 :         return true;
    1991             :     }
    1992             : 
    1993             :     // Create a geographic 2D long-lat degrees CRS that is related to the
    1994             :     // source CRS
    1995           0 :     auto geodetic_crs = proj_crs_get_geodetic_crs(ctx, src);
    1996           0 :     if (!geodetic_crs)
    1997             :     {
    1998           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    1999           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2000           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    2001           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    2002           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Cannot find geodetic CRS matching source CRS");
    2003           0 :         return false;
    2004             :     }
    2005           0 :     auto geodetic_crs_type = proj_get_type(geodetic_crs);
    2006           0 :     if (geodetic_crs_type == PJ_TYPE_GEOCENTRIC_CRS ||
    2007           0 :         geodetic_crs_type == PJ_TYPE_GEOGRAPHIC_2D_CRS ||
    2008             :         geodetic_crs_type == PJ_TYPE_GEOGRAPHIC_3D_CRS)
    2009             :     {
    2010           0 :         auto datum = proj_crs_get_datum(ctx, geodetic_crs);
    2011             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 7 ||                                                  \
    2012             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 7 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 2)
    2013             :         if (datum == nullptr)
    2014             :         {
    2015             :             datum = proj_crs_get_datum_forced(ctx, geodetic_crs);
    2016             :         }
    2017             : #endif
    2018           0 :         if (datum)
    2019             :         {
    2020           0 :             auto ellps = proj_get_ellipsoid(ctx, datum);
    2021           0 :             proj_destroy(datum);
    2022           0 :             double semi_major_metre = 0;
    2023           0 :             double inv_flattening = 0;
    2024           0 :             proj_ellipsoid_get_parameters(ctx, ellps, &semi_major_metre,
    2025             :                                           nullptr, nullptr, &inv_flattening);
    2026           0 :             auto cs = proj_create_ellipsoidal_2D_cs(
    2027             :                 ctx, PJ_ELLPS2D_LONGITUDE_LATITUDE, nullptr, 0);
    2028             :             // It is critical to set the prime meridian to 0
    2029           0 :             auto temp = proj_create_geographic_crs(
    2030             :                 ctx, "unnamed crs", "unnamed datum", proj_get_name(ellps),
    2031             :                 semi_major_metre, inv_flattening, "Reference prime meridian", 0,
    2032             :                 nullptr, 0, cs);
    2033           0 :             proj_destroy(ellps);
    2034           0 :             proj_destroy(cs);
    2035           0 :             proj_destroy(geodetic_crs);
    2036           0 :             geodetic_crs = temp;
    2037           0 :             geodetic_crs_type = proj_get_type(geodetic_crs);
    2038             :         }
    2039             :     }
    2040           0 :     if (geodetic_crs_type != PJ_TYPE_GEOGRAPHIC_2D_CRS)
    2041             :     {
    2042             :         // Shouldn't happen
    2043           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2044           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2045           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    2046           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    2047           0 :         proj_destroy(geodetic_crs);
    2048           0 :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Cannot find geographic CRS matching source CRS");
    2049           0 :         return false;
    2050             :     }
    2051             : 
    2052             :     // Create the transformation from this geographic 2D CRS to the source CRS
    2053             :     auto op_list_to_geodetic =
    2054           0 :         proj_create_operations(ctx, geodetic_crs, src, operation_ctx);
    2055           0 :     proj_destroy(geodetic_crs);
    2056             : 
    2057           0 :     if (op_list_to_geodetic == nullptr ||
    2058           0 :         proj_list_get_count(op_list_to_geodetic) == 0)
    2059             :     {
    2060           0 :         CPLDebug(
    2061             :             "OGRCT",
    2062             :             "Cannot compute transformation from geographic CRS to source CRS");
    2063           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2064           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list_to_geodetic);
    2065           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2066           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    2067           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    2068           0 :         return false;
    2069             :     }
    2070           0 :     auto opGeogToSrc = proj_list_get(ctx, op_list_to_geodetic, 0);
    2071           0 :     CPLAssert(opGeogToSrc);
    2072           0 :     proj_list_destroy(op_list_to_geodetic);
    2073           0 :     auto pjGeogToSrc = op_to_pj(ctx, opGeogToSrc);
    2074           0 :     proj_destroy(opGeogToSrc);
    2075           0 :     if (!pjGeogToSrc)
    2076             :     {
    2077           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2078           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2079           0 :         proj_destroy(src);
    2080           0 :         proj_destroy(dst);
    2081           0 :         return false;
    2082             :     }
    2083             : 
    2084             :     const auto addTransformation =
    2085           0 :         [this, &pjGeogToSrc, &ctx](PJ *op, double west_lon, double south_lat,
    2086           0 :                                    double east_lon, double north_lat)
    2087             :     {
    2088           0 :         double minx = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    2089           0 :         double miny = -std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    2090           0 :         double maxx = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    2091           0 :         double maxy = std::numeric_limits<double>::max();
    2092             : 
    2093           0 :         if (!(west_lon == -180.0 && east_lon == 180.0 && south_lat == -90.0 &&
    2094             :               north_lat == 90.0))
    2095             :         {
    2096           0 :             minx = -minx;
    2097           0 :             miny = -miny;
    2098           0 :             maxx = -maxx;
    2099           0 :             maxy = -maxy;
    2100             : 
    2101             :             double x[21 * 4], y[21 * 4];
    2102           0 :             for (int j = 0; j <= 20; j++)
    2103             :             {
    2104           0 :                 x[j] = west_lon + j * (east_lon - west_lon) / 20;
    2105           0 :                 y[j] = south_lat;
    2106           0 :                 x[21 + j] = west_lon + j * (east_lon - west_lon) / 20;
    2107           0 :                 y[21 + j] = north_lat;
    2108           0 :                 x[21 * 2 + j] = west_lon;
    2109           0 :                 y[21 * 2 + j] = south_lat + j * (north_lat - south_lat) / 20;
    2110           0 :                 x[21 * 3 + j] = east_lon;
    2111           0 :                 y[21 * 3 + j] = south_lat + j * (north_lat - south_lat) / 20;
    2112             :             }
    2113           0 :             proj_trans_generic(pjGeogToSrc, PJ_FWD, x, sizeof(double), 21 * 4,
    2114             :                                y, sizeof(double), 21 * 4, nullptr, 0, 0,
    2115             :                                nullptr, 0, 0);
    2116           0 :             for (int j = 0; j < 21 * 4; j++)
    2117             :             {
    2118           0 :                 if (x[j] != HUGE_VAL && y[j] != HUGE_VAL)
    2119             :                 {
    2120           0 :                     minx = std::min(minx, x[j]);
    2121           0 :                     miny = std::min(miny, y[j]);
    2122           0 :                     maxx = std::max(maxx, x[j]);
    2123           0 :                     maxy = std::max(maxy, y[j]);
    2124             :                 }
    2125             :             }
    2126             :         }
    2127             : 
    2128           0 :         if (minx <= maxx)
    2129             :         {
    2130           0 :             CPLString osProjString;
    2131           0 :             const double accuracy = proj_coordoperation_get_accuracy(ctx, op);
    2132           0 :             auto pj = op_to_pj(ctx, op, &osProjString);
    2133           0 :             CPLString osName;
    2134           0 :             auto name = proj_get_name(op);
    2135           0 :             if (name)
    2136           0 :                 osName = name;
    2137           0 :             proj_destroy(op);
    2138           0 :             op = nullptr;
    2139           0 :             if (pj)
    2140             :             {
    2141             :                 m_oTransformations.emplace_back(minx, miny, maxx, maxy, pj,
    2142           0 :                                                 osName, osProjString, accuracy);
    2143             :             }
    2144             :         }
    2145           0 :         return op;
    2146           0 :     };
    2147             : 
    2148             :     // Iterate over source->target candidate transformations and reproject
    2149             :     // their long-lat bounding box into the source CRS.
    2150           0 :     bool foundWorldTransformation = false;
    2151           0 :     for (int i = 0; i < op_count; i++)
    2152             :     {
    2153           0 :         auto op = proj_list_get(ctx, op_list, i);
    2154           0 :         CPLAssert(op);
    2155           0 :         double west_lon = 0.0;
    2156           0 :         double south_lat = 0.0;
    2157           0 :         double east_lon = 0.0;
    2158           0 :         double north_lat = 0.0;
    2159           0 :         if (proj_get_area_of_use(ctx, op, &west_lon, &south_lat, &east_lon,
    2160           0 :                                  &north_lat, nullptr))
    2161             :         {
    2162           0 :             if (west_lon <= east_lon)
    2163             :             {
    2164           0 :                 if (west_lon == -180 && east_lon == 180 && south_lat == -90 &&
    2165           0 :                     north_lat == 90)
    2166             :                 {
    2167           0 :                     foundWorldTransformation = true;
    2168             :                 }
    2169           0 :                 op = addTransformation(op, west_lon, south_lat, east_lon,
    2170             :                                        north_lat);
    2171             :             }
    2172             :             else
    2173             :             {
    2174           0 :                 auto op_clone = proj_clone(ctx, op);
    2175             : 
    2176           0 :                 op = addTransformation(op, west_lon, south_lat, 180, north_lat);
    2177           0 :                 op_clone = addTransformation(op_clone, -180, south_lat,
    2178             :                                              east_lon, north_lat);
    2179           0 :                 proj_destroy(op_clone);
    2180             :             }
    2181             :         }
    2182             : 
    2183           0 :         proj_destroy(op);
    2184             :     }
    2185             : 
    2186           0 :     proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2187             : 
    2188             :     // Sometimes the user will operate even outside the area of use of the
    2189             :     // source and target CRS, so if no global transformation has been returned
    2190             :     // previously, trigger the computation of one.
    2191           0 :     if (!foundWorldTransformation)
    2192             :     {
    2193           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_area_of_interest(ctx, operation_ctx,
    2194             :                                                             -180, -90, 180, 90);
    2195           0 :         proj_operation_factory_context_set_spatial_criterion(
    2196             :             ctx, operation_ctx, PROJ_SPATIAL_CRITERION_STRICT_CONTAINMENT);
    2197           0 :         op_list = proj_create_operations(ctx, src, dst, operation_ctx);
    2198           0 :         if (op_list)
    2199             :         {
    2200           0 :             op_count = proj_list_get_count(op_list);
    2201           0 :             for (int i = 0; i < op_count; i++)
    2202             :             {
    2203           0 :                 auto op = proj_list_get(ctx, op_list, i);
    2204           0 :                 CPLAssert(op);
    2205           0 :                 double west_lon = 0.0;
    2206           0 :                 double south_lat = 0.0;
    2207           0 :                 double east_lon = 0.0;
    2208           0 :                 double north_lat = 0.0;
    2209           0 :                 if (proj_get_area_of_use(ctx, op, &west_lon, &south_lat,
    2210           0 :                                          &east_lon, &north_lat, nullptr) &&
    2211           0 :                     west_lon == -180 && east_lon == 180 && south_lat == -90 &&
    2212           0 :                     north_lat == 90)
    2213             :                 {
    2214           0 :                     op = addTransformation(op, west_lon, south_lat, east_lon,
    2215             :                                            north_lat);
    2216             :                 }
    2217           0 :                 proj_destroy(op);
    2218             :             }
    2219             :         }
    2220           0 :         proj_list_destroy(op_list);
    2221             :     }
    2222             : 
    2223           0 :     proj_operation_factory_context_destroy(operation_ctx);
    2224           0 :     proj_destroy(src);
    2225           0 :     proj_destroy(dst);
    2226           0 :     proj_destroy(pjGeogToSrc);
    2227           0 :     return !m_oTransformations.empty();
    2228             : }
    2229             : 
    2230             : /************************************************************************/
    2231             : /*                            GetSourceCS()                             */
    2232             : /************************************************************************/
    2233             : 
    2234        4828 : const OGRSpatialReference *OGRProjCT::GetSourceCS() const
    2235             : 
    2236             : {
    2237        4828 :     return poSRSSource;
    2238             : }
    2239             : 
    2240             : /************************************************************************/
    2241             : /*                            GetTargetCS()                             */
    2242             : /************************************************************************/
    2243             : 
    2244        2694 : const OGRSpatialReference *OGRProjCT::GetTargetCS() const
    2245             : 
    2246             : {
    2247        2694 :     return poSRSTarget;
    2248             : }
    2249             : 
    2250             : /************************************************************************/
    2251             : /*                             Transform()                              */
    2252             : /************************************************************************/
    2253             : 
    2254      201264 : int OGRCoordinateTransformation::Transform(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y,
    2255             :                                            double *z, int *pabSuccessIn)
    2256             : 
    2257             : {
    2258             :     int *pabSuccess =
    2259             :         pabSuccessIn
    2260      201264 :             ? pabSuccessIn
    2261      199850 :             : static_cast<int *>(VSI_MALLOC2_VERBOSE(sizeof(int), nCount));
    2262      201264 :     if (!pabSuccess)
    2263           0 :         return FALSE;
    2264             : 
    2265      201264 :     const int bRet = Transform(nCount, x, y, z, nullptr, pabSuccess);
    2266             : 
    2267      201264 :     if (pabSuccess != pabSuccessIn)
    2268      199850 :         CPLFree(pabSuccess);
    2269             : 
    2270      201264 :     return bRet;
    2271             : }
    2272             : 
    2273             : /************************************************************************/
    2274             : /*                      TransformWithErrorCodes()                       */
    2275             : /************************************************************************/
    2276             : 
    2277        3976 : int OGRCoordinateTransformation::TransformWithErrorCodes(size_t nCount,
    2278             :                                                          double *x, double *y,
    2279             :                                                          double *z, double *t,
    2280             :                                                          int *panErrorCodes)
    2281             : 
    2282             : {
    2283        3976 :     if (nCount == 1)
    2284             :     {
    2285        3976 :         int nSuccess = 0;
    2286        3976 :         const int bRet = Transform(nCount, x, y, z, t, &nSuccess);
    2287        3976 :         if (panErrorCodes)
    2288             :         {
    2289        3976 :             panErrorCodes[0] = nSuccess ? 0 : -1;
    2290             :         }
    2291        3976 :         return bRet;
    2292             :     }
    2293             : 
    2294           0 :     std::vector<int> abSuccess;
    2295             :     try
    2296             :     {
    2297           0 :         abSuccess.resize(nCount);
    2298             :     }
    2299           0 :     catch (const std::bad_alloc &)
    2300             :     {
    2301           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_OutOfMemory,
    2302             :                  "Cannot allocate abSuccess[] temporary array");
    2303           0 :         return FALSE;
    2304             :     }
    2305             : 
    2306           0 :     const int bRet = Transform(nCount, x, y, z, t, abSuccess.data());
    2307             : 
    2308           0 :     if (panErrorCodes)
    2309             :     {
    2310           0 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2311             :         {
    2312           0 :             panErrorCodes[i] = abSuccess[i] ? 0 : -1;
    2313             :         }
    2314             :     }
    2315             : 
    2316           0 :     return bRet;
    2317             : }
    2318             : 
    2319             : /************************************************************************/
    2320             : /*                             Transform()                             */
    2321             : /************************************************************************/
    2322             : 
    2323     1978040 : int OGRProjCT::Transform(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z,
    2324             :                          double *t, int *pabSuccess)
    2325             : 
    2326             : {
    2327     1978040 :     const int bRet = TransformWithErrorCodes(nCount, x, y, z, t, pabSuccess);
    2328             : 
    2329     1978400 :     if (pabSuccess)
    2330             :     {
    2331    14257200 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2332             :         {
    2333    12278900 :             pabSuccess[i] = (pabSuccess[i] == 0);
    2334             :         }
    2335             :     }
    2336             : 
    2337     1978400 :     return bRet;
    2338             : }
    2339             : 
    2340             : /************************************************************************/
    2341             : /*                       TransformWithErrorCodes()                      */
    2342             : /************************************************************************/
    2343             : 
    2344             : #ifndef PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_INVALID_COORD
    2345             : #define PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_INVALID_COORD 2049
    2346             : #define PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN 2050
    2347             : #define PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_NO_OPERATION 2051
    2348             : #endif
    2349             : 
    2350     1990610 : int OGRProjCT::TransformWithErrorCodes(size_t nCount, double *x, double *y,
    2351             :                                        double *z, double *t, int *panErrorCodes)
    2352             : 
    2353             : {
    2354     1990610 :     if (nCount == 0)
    2355           0 :         return TRUE;
    2356             : 
    2357             :     // Prevent any coordinate modification when possible
    2358     1990610 :     if (bNoTransform)
    2359             :     {
    2360        1852 :         if (panErrorCodes)
    2361             :         {
    2362        5168 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2363             :             {
    2364        3710 :                 panErrorCodes[i] = 0;
    2365             :             }
    2366             :         }
    2367        1852 :         return TRUE;
    2368             :     }
    2369             : 
    2370             : #ifdef DEBUG_VERBOSE
    2371             :     bool bDebugCT = CPLTestBool(CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_DEBUG", "NO"));
    2372             :     if (bDebugCT)
    2373             :     {
    2374             :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "count = %d", nCount);
    2375             :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; ++i)
    2376             :         {
    2377             :             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "  x[%d] = %.16g y[%d] = %.16g", int(i), x[i],
    2378             :                      int(i), y[i]);
    2379             :         }
    2380             :     }
    2381             : #endif
    2382             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    2383             :     // CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Begin TransformWithErrorCodes()");
    2384             :     struct CPLTimeVal tvStart;
    2385             :     CPLGettimeofday(&tvStart, nullptr);
    2386             : #endif
    2387             : 
    2388             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2389             :     /*      Apply data axis to source CRS mapping.                          */
    2390             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2391             : 
    2392             :     // Since we may swap the x and y pointers, but cannot tell the caller about this swap,
    2393             :     // we save the original pointer. The same axis swap code is executed for poSRSTarget.
    2394             :     // If this nullifies, we save the swap of both axes
    2395     1988760 :     const auto xOriginal = x;
    2396             : 
    2397     1988760 :     if (poSRSSource)
    2398             :     {
    2399     1987900 :         const auto &mapping = poSRSSource->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    2400     1987990 :         if (mapping.size() >= 2)
    2401             :         {
    2402     1987960 :             if (std::abs(mapping[0]) == 2 && std::abs(mapping[1]) == 1)
    2403             :             {
    2404     1576900 :                 std::swap(x, y);
    2405             :             }
    2406     1987980 :             const bool bNegateX = mapping[0] < 0;
    2407     1987990 :             if (bNegateX)
    2408             :             {
    2409           2 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2410             :                 {
    2411           1 :                     x[i] = -x[i];
    2412             :                 }
    2413             :             }
    2414     1987990 :             const bool bNegateY = mapping[1] < 0;
    2415     1988040 :             if (bNegateY)
    2416             :             {
    2417           0 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2418             :                 {
    2419           0 :                     y[i] = -y[i];
    2420             :                 }
    2421             :             }
    2422     1988040 :             if (z && mapping.size() >= 3 && mapping[2] == -3)
    2423             :             {
    2424           2 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2425             :                 {
    2426           1 :                     z[i] = -z[i];
    2427             :                 }
    2428             :             }
    2429             :         }
    2430             :     }
    2431             : 
    2432             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2433             :     /*      Potentially do longitude wrapping.                              */
    2434             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2435     1988910 :     if (bSourceLatLong && bSourceWrap)
    2436             :     {
    2437      198302 :         if (m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East)
    2438             :         {
    2439       11402 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2440             :             {
    2441       10311 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2442             :                 {
    2443       10311 :                     if (x[i] < dfSourceWrapLong - 180.0)
    2444           0 :                         x[i] += 360.0;
    2445       10311 :                     else if (x[i] > dfSourceWrapLong + 180)
    2446           0 :                         x[i] -= 360.0;
    2447             :                 }
    2448             :             }
    2449             :         }
    2450             :         else
    2451             :         {
    2452      604263 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2453             :             {
    2454      407052 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2455             :                 {
    2456      405722 :                     if (y[i] < dfSourceWrapLong - 180.0)
    2457         247 :                         y[i] += 360.0;
    2458      405475 :                     else if (y[i] > dfSourceWrapLong + 180)
    2459          93 :                         y[i] -= 360.0;
    2460             :                 }
    2461             :             }
    2462             :         }
    2463             :     }
    2464             : 
    2465             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2466             :     /*      Optimized transform from WebMercator to WGS84                   */
    2467             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2468     1988910 :     bool bTransformDone = false;
    2469     1988910 :     int bRet = TRUE;
    2470     1988910 :     if (bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat)
    2471             :     {
    2472       70759 :         constexpr double REVERSE_SPHERE_RADIUS = 1.0 / 6378137.0;
    2473             : 
    2474       70759 :         if (m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient != OAO_East)
    2475             :         {
    2476           0 :             std::swap(x, y);
    2477             :         }
    2478             : 
    2479       70754 :         double y0 = y[0];
    2480      892240 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2481             :         {
    2482      821477 :             if (x[i] == HUGE_VAL)
    2483             :             {
    2484           0 :                 bRet = FALSE;
    2485             :             }
    2486             :             else
    2487             :             {
    2488      821477 :                 x[i] = x[i] * REVERSE_SPHERE_RADIUS;
    2489      821477 :                 if (x[i] > M_PI)
    2490             :                 {
    2491         447 :                     if (x[i] < M_PI + 1e-14)
    2492             :                     {
    2493         138 :                         x[i] = M_PI;
    2494             :                     }
    2495         309 :                     else if (m_options.d->bCheckWithInvertProj)
    2496             :                     {
    2497           0 :                         x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2498           0 :                         y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2499           0 :                         y0 = HUGE_VAL;
    2500           0 :                         continue;
    2501             :                     }
    2502             :                     else
    2503             :                     {
    2504           2 :                         do
    2505             :                         {
    2506         311 :                             x[i] -= 2 * M_PI;
    2507         311 :                         } while (x[i] > M_PI);
    2508             :                     }
    2509             :                 }
    2510      821030 :                 else if (x[i] < -M_PI)
    2511             :                 {
    2512         697 :                     if (x[i] > -M_PI - 1e-14)
    2513             :                     {
    2514           8 :                         x[i] = -M_PI;
    2515             :                     }
    2516         689 :                     else if (m_options.d->bCheckWithInvertProj)
    2517             :                     {
    2518           0 :                         x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2519           0 :                         y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2520           0 :                         y0 = HUGE_VAL;
    2521           0 :                         continue;
    2522             :                     }
    2523             :                     else
    2524             :                     {
    2525           0 :                         do
    2526             :                         {
    2527         698 :                             x[i] += 2 * M_PI;
    2528         698 :                         } while (x[i] < -M_PI);
    2529             :                     }
    2530             :                 }
    2531      821486 :                 constexpr double RAD_TO_DEG = 180. / M_PI;
    2532      821486 :                 x[i] *= RAD_TO_DEG;
    2533             : 
    2534             :                 // Optimization for the case where we are provided a whole line
    2535             :                 // of same northing.
    2536      821486 :                 if (i > 0 && y[i] == y0)
    2537      491248 :                     y[i] = y[0];
    2538             :                 else
    2539             :                 {
    2540      330238 :                     y[i] = M_PI / 2.0 -
    2541      330238 :                            2.0 * atan(exp(-y[i] * REVERSE_SPHERE_RADIUS));
    2542      330238 :                     y[i] *= RAD_TO_DEG;
    2543             :                 }
    2544             :             }
    2545             :         }
    2546             : 
    2547       70763 :         if (panErrorCodes)
    2548             :         {
    2549      891843 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2550             :             {
    2551      821087 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2552      821092 :                     panErrorCodes[i] = 0;
    2553             :                 else
    2554           0 :                     panErrorCodes[i] =
    2555             :                         PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN;
    2556             :             }
    2557             :         }
    2558             : 
    2559       70763 :         if (m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient != OAO_East)
    2560             :         {
    2561       69754 :             std::swap(x, y);
    2562             :         }
    2563             : 
    2564       70760 :         bTransformDone = true;
    2565             :     }
    2566             : 
    2567             :     // Determine the default coordinate epoch, if not provided in the point to
    2568             :     // transform.
    2569             :     // For time-dependent transformations, PROJ can currently only do
    2570             :     // staticCRS -> dynamicCRS or dynamicCRS -> staticCRS transformations, and
    2571             :     // in either case, the coordinate epoch of the dynamicCRS must be provided
    2572             :     // as the input time.
    2573     1988910 :     double dfDefaultTime = HUGE_VAL;
    2574     1918940 :     if (bSourceIsDynamicCRS && dfSourceCoordinateEpoch > 0 &&
    2575     3907920 :         !bTargetIsDynamicCRS &&
    2576           4 :         CPLTestBool(
    2577             :             CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_USE_SRS_COORDINATE_EPOCH", "YES")))
    2578             :     {
    2579           4 :         dfDefaultTime = dfSourceCoordinateEpoch;
    2580           4 :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Using coordinate epoch %f from source CRS",
    2581             :                  dfDefaultTime);
    2582             :     }
    2583     1730060 :     else if (bTargetIsDynamicCRS && dfTargetCoordinateEpoch > 0 &&
    2584     3718990 :              !bSourceIsDynamicCRS &&
    2585           2 :              CPLTestBool(
    2586             :                  CPLGetConfigOption("OGR_CT_USE_SRS_COORDINATE_EPOCH", "YES")))
    2587             :     {
    2588           2 :         dfDefaultTime = dfTargetCoordinateEpoch;
    2589           2 :         CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Using coordinate epoch %f from target CRS",
    2590             :                  dfDefaultTime);
    2591             :     }
    2592             : 
    2593             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2594             :     /*      Select dynamically the best transformation for the data, if     */
    2595             :     /*      needed.                                                         */
    2596             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2597     1988940 :     auto ctx = OSRGetProjTLSContext();
    2598             : 
    2599     1989320 :     PJ *pj = m_pj;
    2600     1989320 :     if (!bTransformDone && !pj)
    2601             :     {
    2602           0 :         double avgX = 0.0;
    2603           0 :         double avgY = 0.0;
    2604           0 :         size_t nCountValid = 0;
    2605           0 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2606             :         {
    2607           0 :             if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2608             :             {
    2609           0 :                 avgX += x[i];
    2610           0 :                 avgY += y[i];
    2611           0 :                 nCountValid++;
    2612             :             }
    2613             :         }
    2614           0 :         if (nCountValid != 0)
    2615             :         {
    2616           0 :             avgX /= static_cast<double>(nCountValid);
    2617           0 :             avgY /= static_cast<double>(nCountValid);
    2618             :         }
    2619             : 
    2620           0 :         constexpr int N_MAX_RETRY = 2;
    2621           0 :         int iExcluded[N_MAX_RETRY] = {-1, -1};
    2622             : 
    2623           0 :         const int nOperations = static_cast<int>(m_oTransformations.size());
    2624             :         PJ_COORD coord;
    2625           0 :         coord.xyzt.x = avgX;
    2626           0 :         coord.xyzt.y = avgY;
    2627           0 :         coord.xyzt.z = z ? z[0] : 0;
    2628           0 :         coord.xyzt.t = t ? t[0] : dfDefaultTime;
    2629             : 
    2630             :         // We may need several attempts. For example the point at
    2631             :         // lon=-111.5 lat=45.26 falls into the bounding box of the Canadian
    2632             :         // ntv2_0.gsb grid, except that it is not in any of the subgrids, being
    2633             :         // in the US. We thus need another retry that will select the conus
    2634             :         // grid.
    2635           0 :         for (int iRetry = 0; iRetry <= N_MAX_RETRY; iRetry++)
    2636             :         {
    2637           0 :             int iBestTransf = -1;
    2638             :             // Select transform whose BBOX match our data and has the best
    2639             :             // accuracy if m_eStrategy == BEST_ACCURACY. Or just the first BBOX
    2640             :             // matching one, if
    2641             :             //  m_eStrategy == FIRST_MATCHING
    2642           0 :             double dfBestAccuracy = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
    2643           0 :             for (int i = 0; i < nOperations; i++)
    2644             :             {
    2645           0 :                 if (i == iExcluded[0] || i == iExcluded[1])
    2646             :                 {
    2647           0 :                     continue;
    2648             :                 }
    2649           0 :                 const auto &transf = m_oTransformations[i];
    2650           0 :                 if (avgX >= transf.minx && avgX <= transf.maxx &&
    2651           0 :                     avgY >= transf.miny && avgY <= transf.maxy &&
    2652           0 :                     (iBestTransf < 0 || (transf.accuracy >= 0 &&
    2653           0 :                                          transf.accuracy < dfBestAccuracy)))
    2654             :                 {
    2655           0 :                     iBestTransf = i;
    2656           0 :                     dfBestAccuracy = transf.accuracy;
    2657           0 :                     if (m_eStrategy == Strategy::FIRST_MATCHING)
    2658           0 :                         break;
    2659             :                 }
    2660             :             }
    2661           0 :             if (iBestTransf < 0)
    2662             :             {
    2663           0 :                 break;
    2664             :             }
    2665           0 :             auto &transf = m_oTransformations[iBestTransf];
    2666           0 :             pj = transf.pj;
    2667           0 :             proj_assign_context(pj, ctx);
    2668           0 :             if (iBestTransf != m_iCurTransformation)
    2669             :             {
    2670           0 :                 CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Selecting transformation %s (%s)",
    2671             :                          transf.osProjString.c_str(), transf.osName.c_str());
    2672           0 :                 m_iCurTransformation = iBestTransf;
    2673             :             }
    2674             : 
    2675           0 :             auto res = proj_trans(pj, m_bReversePj ? PJ_INV : PJ_FWD, coord);
    2676           0 :             if (res.xyzt.x != HUGE_VAL)
    2677             :             {
    2678           0 :                 break;
    2679             :             }
    2680           0 :             pj = nullptr;
    2681           0 :             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Did not result in valid result. "
    2682             :                               "Attempting a retry with another operation.");
    2683           0 :             if (iRetry == N_MAX_RETRY)
    2684             :             {
    2685           0 :                 break;
    2686             :             }
    2687           0 :             iExcluded[iRetry] = iBestTransf;
    2688             :         }
    2689             : 
    2690           0 :         if (!pj)
    2691             :         {
    2692             :             // In case we did not find an operation whose area of use is
    2693             :             // compatible with the input coordinate, then goes through again the
    2694             :             // list, and use the first operation that does not require grids.
    2695           0 :             for (int i = 0; i < nOperations; i++)
    2696             :             {
    2697           0 :                 auto &transf = m_oTransformations[i];
    2698           0 :                 if (proj_coordoperation_get_grid_used_count(ctx, transf.pj) ==
    2699             :                     0)
    2700             :                 {
    2701           0 :                     pj = transf.pj;
    2702           0 :                     proj_assign_context(pj, ctx);
    2703           0 :                     if (i != m_iCurTransformation)
    2704             :                     {
    2705           0 :                         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Selecting transformation %s (%s)",
    2706             :                                  transf.osProjString.c_str(),
    2707             :                                  transf.osName.c_str());
    2708           0 :                         m_iCurTransformation = i;
    2709             :                     }
    2710           0 :                     break;
    2711             :                 }
    2712             :             }
    2713             :         }
    2714             : 
    2715           0 :         if (!pj)
    2716             :         {
    2717           0 :             if (m_bEmitErrors && ++nErrorCount < 20)
    2718             :             {
    2719           0 :                 CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2720             :                          "Cannot find transformation for provided coordinates");
    2721             :             }
    2722           0 :             else if (nErrorCount == 20)
    2723             :             {
    2724           0 :                 CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2725             :                          "Reprojection failed, further errors will be "
    2726             :                          "suppressed on the transform object.");
    2727             :             }
    2728             : 
    2729           0 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2730             :             {
    2731           0 :                 x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2732           0 :                 y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2733           0 :                 if (panErrorCodes)
    2734           0 :                     panErrorCodes[i] = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_NO_OPERATION;
    2735             :             }
    2736           0 :             return FALSE;
    2737             :         }
    2738             :     }
    2739     1989320 :     if (pj)
    2740             :     {
    2741     1988530 :         proj_assign_context(pj, ctx);
    2742             :     }
    2743             : 
    2744             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2745             :     /*      Do the transformation (or not...) using PROJ                    */
    2746             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2747             : 
    2748     1989320 :     if (!bTransformDone)
    2749             :     {
    2750     1918550 :         const auto nLastErrorCounter = CPLGetErrorCounter();
    2751             : 
    2752    13395300 :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2753             :         {
    2754             :             PJ_COORD coord;
    2755    11477100 :             const double xIn = x[i];
    2756    11477100 :             const double yIn = y[i];
    2757    11477100 :             if (!std::isfinite(xIn))
    2758             :             {
    2759       10618 :                 bRet = FALSE;
    2760       10618 :                 x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2761       10618 :                 y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2762       10618 :                 if (panErrorCodes)
    2763       10618 :                     panErrorCodes[i] = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_INVALID_COORD;
    2764       10618 :                 continue;
    2765             :             }
    2766    11466400 :             coord.xyzt.x = x[i];
    2767    11466400 :             coord.xyzt.y = y[i];
    2768    11466400 :             coord.xyzt.z = z ? z[i] : 0;
    2769    11466400 :             coord.xyzt.t = t ? t[i] : dfDefaultTime;
    2770    11466400 :             proj_errno_reset(pj);
    2771    11466300 :             coord = proj_trans(pj, m_bReversePj ? PJ_INV : PJ_FWD, coord);
    2772             : #if 0
    2773             :             CPLDebug("OGRCT",
    2774             :                      "Transforming (x=%f,y=%f,z=%f,time=%f) to "
    2775             :                      "(x=%f,y=%f,z=%f,time=%f)",
    2776             :                      x[i], y[i], z ? z[i] : 0, t ? t[i] : dfDefaultTime,
    2777             :                      coord.xyzt.x, coord.xyzt.y, coord.xyzt.z, coord.xyzt.t);
    2778             : #endif
    2779    11466300 :             x[i] = coord.xyzt.x;
    2780    11466300 :             y[i] = coord.xyzt.y;
    2781    11466300 :             if (z)
    2782    11426700 :                 z[i] = coord.xyzt.z;
    2783    11466300 :             if (t)
    2784          25 :                 t[i] = coord.xyzt.t;
    2785    11466300 :             int err = 0;
    2786    11466300 :             if (std::isnan(coord.xyzt.x))
    2787             :             {
    2788          59 :                 bRet = FALSE;
    2789             :                 // This shouldn't normally happen if PROJ projections behave
    2790             :                 // correctly, but e.g inverse laea before PROJ 8.1.1 could
    2791             :                 // do that for points out of domain.
    2792             :                 // See https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/pull/2800
    2793          59 :                 x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2794          59 :                 y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2795          59 :                 err = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN;
    2796             : 
    2797             : #ifdef DEBUG
    2798          59 :                 CPLErrorOnce(CE_Warning, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2799             :                              "PROJ returned a NaN value. It should be fixed");
    2800             : #else
    2801             :                 CPLDebugOnce("OGR_CT",
    2802             :                              "PROJ returned a NaN value. It should be fixed");
    2803             : #endif
    2804             :             }
    2805    11466200 :             else if (coord.xyzt.x == HUGE_VAL)
    2806             :             {
    2807     3385940 :                 bRet = FALSE;
    2808     3385940 :                 err = proj_errno(pj);
    2809             :                 // PROJ should normally emit an error, but in case it does not
    2810             :                 // (e.g PROJ 6.3 with the +ortho projection), synthetize one
    2811     3385940 :                 if (err == 0)
    2812     3363770 :                     err = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN;
    2813             :             }
    2814             :             else
    2815             :             {
    2816     8080220 :                 if (m_recordDifferentOperationsUsed &&
    2817       59174 :                     !m_differentOperationsUsed)
    2818             :                 {
    2819             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR > 9 ||                                                  \
    2820             :     (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR == 9 && PROJ_VERSION_MINOR >= 1)
    2821             : 
    2822             :                     PJ *lastOp = proj_trans_get_last_used_operation(pj);
    2823             :                     if (lastOp)
    2824             :                     {
    2825             :                         const char *projString = proj_as_proj_string(
    2826             :                             ctx, lastOp, PJ_PROJ_5, nullptr);
    2827             :                         if (projString)
    2828             :                         {
    2829             :                             if (m_lastPjUsedPROJString.empty())
    2830             :                             {
    2831             :                                 m_lastPjUsedPROJString = projString;
    2832             :                             }
    2833             :                             else if (m_lastPjUsedPROJString != projString)
    2834             :                             {
    2835             :                                 m_differentOperationsUsed = true;
    2836             :                             }
    2837             :                         }
    2838             :                         proj_destroy(lastOp);
    2839             :                     }
    2840             : #endif
    2841             :                 }
    2842             : 
    2843     8080220 :                 if (m_options.d->bCheckWithInvertProj)
    2844             :                 {
    2845             :                     // For some projections, we cannot detect if we are trying to
    2846             :                     // reproject coordinates outside the validity area of the
    2847             :                     // projection. So let's do the reverse reprojection and compare
    2848             :                     // with the source coordinates.
    2849             :                     coord =
    2850     1834900 :                         proj_trans(pj, m_bReversePj ? PJ_FWD : PJ_INV, coord);
    2851     1834900 :                     if (fabs(coord.xyzt.x - xIn) > dfThreshold ||
    2852     1682900 :                         fabs(coord.xyzt.y - yIn) > dfThreshold)
    2853             :                     {
    2854      154814 :                         bRet = FALSE;
    2855      154814 :                         err = PROJ_ERR_COORD_TRANSFM_OUTSIDE_PROJECTION_DOMAIN;
    2856      154814 :                         x[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2857      154814 :                         y[i] = HUGE_VAL;
    2858             :                     }
    2859             :                 }
    2860             :             }
    2861             : 
    2862    11466100 :             if (panErrorCodes)
    2863    11465000 :                 panErrorCodes[i] = err;
    2864             : 
    2865             :             /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
    2866             :              */
    2867             :             /*      Try to report an error through CPL.  Get proj error string
    2868             :              */
    2869             :             /*      if possible.  Try to avoid reporting thousands of errors. */
    2870             :             /*      Suppress further error reporting on this OGRProjCT if we */
    2871             :             /*      have already reported 20 errors. */
    2872             :             /* --------------------------------------------------------------------
    2873             :              */
    2874    11466100 :             if (err != 0)
    2875             :             {
    2876     3540830 :                 if (++nErrorCount < 20)
    2877             :                 {
    2878             : #if PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR >= 8
    2879             :                     const char *pszError = proj_context_errno_string(ctx, err);
    2880             : #else
    2881        2905 :                     const char *pszError = proj_errno_string(err);
    2882             : #endif
    2883        2905 :                     if (m_bEmitErrors
    2884             : #ifdef PROJ_ERR_OTHER_NO_INVERSE_OP
    2885             :                         || (i == 0 && err == PROJ_ERR_OTHER_NO_INVERSE_OP)
    2886             : #endif
    2887             :                     )
    2888             :                     {
    2889         379 :                         if (nLastErrorCounter != CPLGetErrorCounter() &&
    2890         641 :                             CPLGetLastErrorType() == CE_Failure &&
    2891         262 :                             strstr(CPLGetLastErrorMsg(), "PROJ:"))
    2892             :                         {
    2893             :                             // do nothing
    2894             :                         }
    2895         379 :                         else if (pszError == nullptr)
    2896           0 :                             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2897             :                                      "Reprojection failed, err = %d", err);
    2898             :                         else
    2899         379 :                             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s",
    2900             :                                      pszError);
    2901             :                     }
    2902             :                     else
    2903             :                     {
    2904        2526 :                         if (pszError == nullptr)
    2905           0 :                             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Reprojection failed, err = %d",
    2906             :                                      err);
    2907             :                         else
    2908        2526 :                             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "%s", pszError);
    2909             :                     }
    2910             :                 }
    2911     3537930 :                 else if (nErrorCount == 20)
    2912             :                 {
    2913         131 :                     if (m_bEmitErrors)
    2914             :                     {
    2915          14 :                         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    2916             :                                  "Reprojection failed, err = %d, further "
    2917             :                                  "errors will be "
    2918             :                                  "suppressed on the transform object.",
    2919             :                                  err);
    2920             :                     }
    2921             :                     else
    2922             :                     {
    2923         117 :                         CPLDebug("OGRCT",
    2924             :                                  "Reprojection failed, err = %d, further "
    2925             :                                  "errors will be "
    2926             :                                  "suppressed on the transform object.",
    2927             :                                  err);
    2928             :                     }
    2929             :                 }
    2930             :             }
    2931             :         }
    2932             :     }
    2933             : 
    2934             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2935             :     /*      Potentially do longitude wrapping.                              */
    2936             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2937     1988950 :     if (bTargetLatLong && bTargetWrap)
    2938             :     {
    2939      580206 :         if (m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East)
    2940             :         {
    2941       17007 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2942             :             {
    2943       13898 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2944             :                 {
    2945       13898 :                     if (x[i] < dfTargetWrapLong - 180.0)
    2946           0 :                         x[i] += 360.0;
    2947       13898 :                     else if (x[i] > dfTargetWrapLong + 180)
    2948         154 :                         x[i] -= 360.0;
    2949             :                 }
    2950             :             }
    2951             :         }
    2952             :         else
    2953             :         {
    2954     8637410 :             for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2955             :             {
    2956     8060320 :                 if (x[i] != HUGE_VAL && y[i] != HUGE_VAL)
    2957             :                 {
    2958     4614400 :                     if (y[i] < dfTargetWrapLong - 180.0)
    2959        5891 :                         y[i] += 360.0;
    2960     4608510 :                     else if (y[i] > dfTargetWrapLong + 180)
    2961       27320 :                         y[i] -= 360.0;
    2962             :                 }
    2963             :             }
    2964             :         }
    2965             :     }
    2966             : 
    2967             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2968             :     /*      Apply data axis to target CRS mapping.                          */
    2969             :     /* -------------------------------------------------------------------- */
    2970     1988950 :     if (poSRSTarget)
    2971             :     {
    2972     1988090 :         const auto &mapping = poSRSTarget->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    2973     1988130 :         if (mapping.size() >= 2)
    2974             :         {
    2975     1988130 :             const bool bNegateX = mapping[0] < 0;
    2976     1988120 :             if (bNegateX)
    2977             :             {
    2978           2 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2979             :                 {
    2980           1 :                     x[i] = -x[i];
    2981             :                 }
    2982             :             }
    2983     1988120 :             const bool bNegateY = mapping[1] < 0;
    2984     1988130 :             if (bNegateY)
    2985             :             {
    2986           0 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2987             :                 {
    2988           0 :                     y[i] = -y[i];
    2989             :                 }
    2990             :             }
    2991     1988130 :             if (z && mapping.size() >= 3 && mapping[2] == -3)
    2992             :             {
    2993           2 :                 for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; i++)
    2994             :                 {
    2995           1 :                     z[i] = -z[i];
    2996             :                 }
    2997             :             }
    2998             : 
    2999     1988130 :             if (std::abs(mapping[0]) == 2 && std::abs(mapping[1]) == 1)
    3000             :             {
    3001      792781 :                 std::swap(x, y);
    3002             :             }
    3003             :         }
    3004             :     }
    3005             : 
    3006             :     // Check whether final "genuine" axis swap is really necessary
    3007     1989080 :     if (x != xOriginal)
    3008             :     {
    3009     1313380 :         std::swap_ranges(x, x + nCount, y);
    3010             :     }
    3011             : 
    3012             : #ifdef DEBUG_VERBOSE
    3013             :     if (bDebugCT)
    3014             :     {
    3015             :         CPLDebug("OGRCT", "Out:");
    3016             :         for (size_t i = 0; i < nCount; ++i)
    3017             :         {
    3018             :             CPLDebug("OGRCT", "  x[%d] = %.16g y[%d] = %.16g", int(i), x[i],
    3019             :                      int(i), y[i]);
    3020             :         }
    3021             :     }
    3022             : #endif
    3023             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    3024             :     struct CPLTimeVal tvEnd;
    3025             :     CPLGettimeofday(&tvEnd, nullptr);
    3026             :     const double delay = (tvEnd.tv_sec + tvEnd.tv_usec * 1e-6) -
    3027             :                          (tvStart.tv_sec + tvStart.tv_usec * 1e-6);
    3028             :     g_dfTotalTimeReprojection += delay;
    3029             :     // CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "End TransformWithErrorCodes(): %d ms",
    3030             :     //          static_cast<int>(delay * 1000));
    3031             : #endif
    3032             : 
    3033     1989030 :     return bRet;
    3034             : }
    3035             : 
    3036             : /************************************************************************/
    3037             : /*                      TransformBounds()                       */
    3038             : /************************************************************************/
    3039             : 
    3040             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3041         628 : static double simple_min(const double *data, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3042             :                          const int arr_len)
    3043             : {
    3044         628 :     double min_value = HUGE_VAL;
    3045       18472 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < arr_len; iii++)
    3046             :     {
    3047       17844 :         if ((data[iii] < min_value || min_value == HUGE_VAL) &&
    3048        4304 :             panErrorCodes[iii] == 0)
    3049        4185 :             min_value = data[iii];
    3050             :     }
    3051         628 :     return min_value;
    3052             : }
    3053             : 
    3054             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3055         628 : static double simple_max(const double *data, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3056             :                          const int arr_len)
    3057             : {
    3058         628 :     double max_value = HUGE_VAL;
    3059       18396 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < arr_len; iii++)
    3060             :     {
    3061       17768 :         if ((data[iii] > max_value || max_value == HUGE_VAL) &&
    3062        4485 :             panErrorCodes[iii] == 0)
    3063        2858 :             max_value = data[iii];
    3064             :     }
    3065         628 :     return max_value;
    3066             : }
    3067             : 
    3068             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3069        7450 : static int _find_previous_index(const int iii, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3070             :                                 const int arr_len)
    3071             : {
    3072             :     // find index of nearest valid previous value if exists
    3073        7450 :     int prev_iii = iii - 1;
    3074        7450 :     if (prev_iii == -1)  // handle wraparound
    3075         270 :         prev_iii = arr_len - 1;
    3076        7472 :     while (panErrorCodes[prev_iii] != 0 && prev_iii != iii)
    3077             :     {
    3078          22 :         prev_iii--;
    3079          22 :         if (prev_iii == -1)  // handle wraparound
    3080           2 :             prev_iii = arr_len - 1;
    3081             :     }
    3082        7450 :     return prev_iii;
    3083             : }
    3084             : 
    3085             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3086             : /******************************************************************************
    3087             : Handles the case when longitude values cross the antimeridian
    3088             : when calculating the minimum.
    3089             : Note: The data array must be in a linear ring.
    3090             : Note: This requires a densified ring with at least 2 additional
    3091             :         points per edge to correctly handle global extents.
    3092             : If only 1 additional point:
    3093             :     |        |
    3094             :     |RL--x0--|RL--
    3095             :     |        |
    3096             : -180    180|-180
    3097             : If they are evenly spaced and it crosses the antimeridian:
    3098             : x0 - L = 180
    3099             : R - x0 = -180
    3100             : For example:
    3101             : Let R = -179.9, x0 = 0.1, L = -179.89
    3102             : x0 - L = 0.1 - -179.9 = 180
    3103             : R - x0 = -179.89 - 0.1 ~= -180
    3104             : This is the same in the case when it didn't cross the antimeridian.
    3105             : If you have 2 additional points:
    3106             :     |            |
    3107             :     |RL--x0--x1--|RL--
    3108             :     |            |
    3109             : -180        180|-180
    3110             : If they are evenly spaced and it crosses the antimeridian:
    3111             : x0 - L = 120
    3112             : x1 - x0 = 120
    3113             : R - x1 = -240
    3114             : For example:
    3115             : Let R = -179.9, x0 = -59.9, x1 = 60.1 L = -179.89
    3116             : x0 - L = 59.9 - -179.9 = 120
    3117             : x1 - x0 = 60.1 - 59.9 = 120
    3118             : R - x1 = -179.89 - 60.1 ~= -240
    3119             : However, if they are evenly spaced and it didn't cross the antimeridian:
    3120             : x0 - L = 120
    3121             : x1 - x0 = 120
    3122             : R - x1 = 120
    3123             : From this, we have a delta that is guaranteed to be significantly
    3124             : large enough to tell the difference reguarless of the direction
    3125             : the antimeridian was crossed.
    3126             : However, even though the spacing was even in the source projection, it isn't
    3127             : guaranteed in the target geographic projection. So, instead of 240, 200 is used
    3128             : as it significantly larger than 120 to be sure that the antimeridian was crossed
    3129             : but smalller than 240 to account for possible irregularities in distances
    3130             : when re-projecting. Also, 200 ensures latitudes are ignored for axis order
    3131             : handling.
    3132             : ******************************************************************************/
    3133         136 : static double antimeridian_min(const double *data, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3134             :                                const int arr_len)
    3135             : {
    3136         136 :     double positive_min = HUGE_VAL;
    3137         136 :     double min_value = HUGE_VAL;
    3138         136 :     int crossed_meridian_count = 0;
    3139         136 :     bool positive_meridian = false;
    3140             : 
    3141        3872 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < arr_len; iii++)
    3142             :     {
    3143        3736 :         if (panErrorCodes[iii])
    3144          11 :             continue;
    3145        3725 :         int prev_iii = _find_previous_index(iii, panErrorCodes, arr_len);
    3146             :         // check if crossed meridian
    3147        3725 :         double delta = data[prev_iii] - data[iii];
    3148             :         // 180 -> -180
    3149        3725 :         if (delta >= 200 && delta != HUGE_VAL)
    3150             :         {
    3151           9 :             if (crossed_meridian_count == 0)
    3152           2 :                 positive_min = min_value;
    3153           9 :             crossed_meridian_count++;
    3154           9 :             positive_meridian = false;
    3155             :             // -180 -> 180
    3156             :         }
    3157        3716 :         else if (delta <= -200 && delta != HUGE_VAL)
    3158             :         {
    3159           9 :             if (crossed_meridian_count == 0)
    3160           6 :                 positive_min = data[iii];
    3161           9 :             crossed_meridian_count++;
    3162           9 :             positive_meridian = true;
    3163             :         }
    3164             :         // positive meridian side min
    3165        3725 :         if (positive_meridian && data[iii] < positive_min)
    3166          38 :             positive_min = data[iii];
    3167             :         // track general min value
    3168        3725 :         if (data[iii] < min_value)
    3169         251 :             min_value = data[iii];
    3170             :     }
    3171             : 
    3172         136 :     if (crossed_meridian_count == 2)
    3173           7 :         return positive_min;
    3174         129 :     else if (crossed_meridian_count == 4)
    3175             :         // bounds extends beyond -180/180
    3176           1 :         return -180;
    3177         128 :     return min_value;
    3178             : }
    3179             : 
    3180             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3181             : // Handles the case when longitude values cross the antimeridian
    3182             : // when calculating the minimum.
    3183             : // Note: The data array must be in a linear ring.
    3184             : // Note: This requires a densified ring with at least 2 additional
    3185             : //       points per edge to correctly handle global extents.
    3186             : // See antimeridian_min docstring for reasoning.
    3187         136 : static double antimeridian_max(const double *data, const int *panErrorCodes,
    3188             :                                const int arr_len)
    3189             : {
    3190         136 :     double negative_max = -HUGE_VAL;
    3191         136 :     double max_value = -HUGE_VAL;
    3192         136 :     bool negative_meridian = false;
    3193         136 :     int crossed_meridian_count = 0;
    3194             : 
    3195        3872 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < arr_len; iii++)
    3196             :     {
    3197        3736 :         if (panErrorCodes[iii])
    3198          11 :             continue;
    3199        3725 :         int prev_iii = _find_previous_index(iii, panErrorCodes, arr_len);
    3200             :         // check if crossed meridian
    3201        3725 :         double delta = data[prev_iii] - data[iii];
    3202             :         // 180 -> -180
    3203        3725 :         if (delta >= 200 && delta != HUGE_VAL)
    3204             :         {
    3205           9 :             if (crossed_meridian_count == 0)
    3206           2 :                 negative_max = data[iii];
    3207           9 :             crossed_meridian_count++;
    3208           9 :             negative_meridian = true;
    3209             :             // -180 -> 180
    3210             :         }
    3211        3716 :         else if (delta <= -200 && delta != HUGE_VAL)
    3212             :         {
    3213           9 :             if (crossed_meridian_count == 0)
    3214           6 :                 negative_max = max_value;
    3215           9 :             negative_meridian = false;
    3216           9 :             crossed_meridian_count++;
    3217             :         }
    3218             :         // negative meridian side max
    3219        3725 :         if (negative_meridian &&
    3220         142 :             (data[iii] > negative_max || negative_max == HUGE_VAL) &&
    3221          45 :             panErrorCodes[iii] == 0)
    3222          45 :             negative_max = data[iii];
    3223             :         // track general max value
    3224        3725 :         if ((data[iii] > max_value || max_value == HUGE_VAL) &&
    3225        1270 :             panErrorCodes[iii] == 0)
    3226        1270 :             max_value = data[iii];
    3227             :     }
    3228         136 :     if (crossed_meridian_count == 2)
    3229           7 :         return negative_max;
    3230         129 :     else if (crossed_meridian_count == 4)
    3231             :         // bounds extends beyond -180/180
    3232           1 :         return 180;
    3233         128 :     return max_value;
    3234             : }
    3235             : 
    3236             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3237             : // Check if the original projected bounds contains
    3238             : // the north pole.
    3239             : // This assumes that the destination CRS is geographic.
    3240         148 : bool OGRProjCT::ContainsNorthPole(const double xmin, const double ymin,
    3241             :                                   const double xmax, const double ymax,
    3242             :                                   bool lon_lat_order)
    3243             : {
    3244         148 :     double pole_y = 90;
    3245         148 :     double pole_x = 0;
    3246         148 :     if (!lon_lat_order)
    3247             :     {
    3248           4 :         pole_y = 0;
    3249           4 :         pole_x = 90;
    3250             :     }
    3251         296 :     auto inverseCT = std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>(GetInverse());
    3252         148 :     if (!inverseCT)
    3253           0 :         return false;
    3254         148 :     CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    3255         148 :     const bool success = inverseCT->TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3256         148 :         1, &pole_x, &pole_y, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    3257         152 :     return success && xmin < pole_x && pole_x < xmax && ymax > pole_y &&
    3258         152 :            pole_y > ymin;
    3259             : }
    3260             : 
    3261             : // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
    3262             : // Check if the original projected bounds contains
    3263             : // the south pole.
    3264             : // This assumes that the destination CRS is geographic.
    3265         148 : bool OGRProjCT::ContainsSouthPole(const double xmin, const double ymin,
    3266             :                                   const double xmax, const double ymax,
    3267             :                                   bool lon_lat_order)
    3268             : {
    3269         148 :     double pole_y = -90;
    3270         148 :     double pole_x = 0;
    3271         148 :     if (!lon_lat_order)
    3272             :     {
    3273           4 :         pole_y = 0;
    3274           4 :         pole_x = -90;
    3275             :     }
    3276         296 :     auto inverseCT = std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>(GetInverse());
    3277         148 :     if (!inverseCT)
    3278           0 :         return false;
    3279         148 :     CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    3280         148 :     const bool success = inverseCT->TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3281         148 :         1, &pole_x, &pole_y, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    3282         189 :     return success && xmin < pole_x && pole_x < xmax && ymax > pole_y &&
    3283         189 :            pole_y > ymin;
    3284             : }
    3285             : 
    3286         401 : int OGRProjCT::TransformBounds(const double xmin, const double ymin,
    3287             :                                const double xmax, const double ymax,
    3288             :                                double *out_xmin, double *out_ymin,
    3289             :                                double *out_xmax, double *out_ymax,
    3290             :                                const int densify_pts)
    3291             : {
    3292         401 :     if (bNoTransform)
    3293             :     {
    3294           4 :         *out_xmin = xmin;
    3295           4 :         *out_ymin = ymin;
    3296           4 :         *out_xmax = xmax;
    3297           4 :         *out_ymax = ymax;
    3298           4 :         return true;
    3299             :     }
    3300             : 
    3301         397 :     *out_xmin = HUGE_VAL;
    3302         397 :     *out_ymin = HUGE_VAL;
    3303         397 :     *out_xmax = HUGE_VAL;
    3304         397 :     *out_ymax = HUGE_VAL;
    3305             : 
    3306         397 :     if (densify_pts < 0 || densify_pts > 10000)
    3307             :     {
    3308           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3309             :                  "densify_pts must be between 0-10000.");
    3310           1 :         return false;
    3311             :     }
    3312         396 :     if (!poSRSSource)
    3313             :     {
    3314           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "missing source SRS.");
    3315           0 :         return false;
    3316             :     }
    3317         396 :     if (!poSRSTarget)
    3318             :     {
    3319           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "missing target SRS.");
    3320           0 :         return false;
    3321             :     }
    3322             : 
    3323         396 :     bool degree_input = false;
    3324         396 :     bool degree_output = false;
    3325         396 :     bool input_lon_lat_order = false;
    3326         396 :     bool output_lon_lat_order = false;
    3327             : 
    3328         396 :     if (bSourceLatLong)
    3329             :     {
    3330         208 :         degree_input = fabs(poSRSSource->GetAngularUnits(nullptr) -
    3331         208 :                             CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV)) < 1e-8;
    3332         208 :         const auto &mapping = poSRSSource->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    3333         373 :         if ((mapping[0] == 1 && m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East) ||
    3334         165 :             (mapping[0] == 2 && m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient != OAO_East))
    3335             :         {
    3336         199 :             input_lon_lat_order = true;
    3337             :         }
    3338             :     }
    3339         396 :     if (bTargetLatLong)
    3340             :     {
    3341         149 :         degree_output = fabs(poSRSTarget->GetAngularUnits(nullptr) -
    3342         149 :                              CPLAtof(SRS_UA_DEGREE_CONV)) < 1e-8;
    3343         149 :         const auto &mapping = poSRSTarget->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    3344         268 :         if ((mapping[0] == 1 && m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient == OAO_East) ||
    3345         119 :             (mapping[0] == 2 && m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient != OAO_East))
    3346             :         {
    3347         144 :             output_lon_lat_order = true;
    3348             :         }
    3349             :     }
    3350             : 
    3351         396 :     if (degree_output && densify_pts < 2)
    3352             :     {
    3353           1 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3354             :                  "densify_pts must be at least 2 if the output is geograpic.");
    3355           1 :         return false;
    3356             :     }
    3357             : 
    3358         395 :     int side_pts = densify_pts + 1;  // add one because we are densifying
    3359         395 :     const int boundary_len = side_pts * 4;
    3360         790 :     std::vector<double> x_boundary_array;
    3361         790 :     std::vector<double> y_boundary_array;
    3362         790 :     std::vector<int> anErrorCodes;
    3363             :     try
    3364             :     {
    3365         395 :         x_boundary_array.resize(boundary_len);
    3366         395 :         y_boundary_array.resize(boundary_len);
    3367         395 :         anErrorCodes.resize(boundary_len);
    3368             :     }
    3369           0 :     catch (const std::exception &e)  // memory allocation failure
    3370             :     {
    3371           0 :         CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "%s", e.what());
    3372           0 :         return false;
    3373             :     }
    3374         395 :     double delta_x = 0;
    3375         395 :     double delta_y = 0;
    3376         395 :     bool north_pole_in_bounds = false;
    3377         395 :     bool south_pole_in_bounds = false;
    3378         395 :     if (degree_output)
    3379             :     {
    3380             :         north_pole_in_bounds =
    3381         148 :             ContainsNorthPole(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, output_lon_lat_order);
    3382             :         south_pole_in_bounds =
    3383         148 :             ContainsSouthPole(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, output_lon_lat_order);
    3384             :     }
    3385             : 
    3386         395 :     if (degree_input && xmax < xmin)
    3387             :     {
    3388           1 :         if (!input_lon_lat_order)
    3389             :         {
    3390           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3391             :                      "latitude max < latitude min.");
    3392           0 :             return false;
    3393             :         }
    3394             :         // handle antimeridian
    3395           1 :         delta_x = (xmax - xmin + 360.0) / side_pts;
    3396             :     }
    3397             :     else
    3398             :     {
    3399         394 :         delta_x = (xmax - xmin) / side_pts;
    3400             :     }
    3401         395 :     if (degree_input && ymax < ymin)
    3402             :     {
    3403           1 :         if (input_lon_lat_order)
    3404             :         {
    3405           0 :             CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined,
    3406             :                      "latitude max < latitude min.");
    3407           0 :             return false;
    3408             :         }
    3409             :         // handle antimeridian
    3410           1 :         delta_y = (ymax - ymin + 360.0) / side_pts;
    3411             :     }
    3412             :     else
    3413             :     {
    3414         394 :         delta_y = (ymax - ymin) / side_pts;
    3415             :     }
    3416             : 
    3417             :     // build densified bounding box
    3418             :     // Note: must be a linear ring for antimeridian logic
    3419        3198 :     for (int iii = 0; iii < side_pts; iii++)
    3420             :     {
    3421             :         // xmin boundary
    3422        2803 :         y_boundary_array[iii] = ymax - iii * delta_y;
    3423        2803 :         x_boundary_array[iii] = xmin;
    3424             :         // ymin boundary
    3425        2803 :         y_boundary_array[iii + side_pts] = ymin;
    3426        2803 :         x_boundary_array[iii + side_pts] = xmin + iii * delta_x;
    3427             :         // xmax boundary
    3428        2803 :         y_boundary_array[iii + side_pts * 2] = ymin + iii * delta_y;
    3429        2803 :         x_boundary_array[iii + side_pts * 2] = xmax;
    3430             :         // ymax boundary
    3431        2803 :         y_boundary_array[iii + side_pts * 3] = ymax;
    3432        2803 :         x_boundary_array[iii + side_pts * 3] = xmax - iii * delta_x;
    3433             :     }
    3434             : 
    3435             :     {
    3436         395 :         CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    3437         395 :         bool success = TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3438         395 :             boundary_len, &x_boundary_array[0], &y_boundary_array[0], nullptr,
    3439         395 :             nullptr, anErrorCodes.data());
    3440         395 :         if (!success)
    3441             :         {
    3442         217 :             for (int i = 0; i < boundary_len; ++i)
    3443             :             {
    3444         210 :                 if (anErrorCodes[i] == 0)
    3445             :                 {
    3446          64 :                     success = true;
    3447          64 :                     break;
    3448             :                 }
    3449             :             }
    3450          71 :             if (!success)
    3451           7 :                 return false;
    3452             :         }
    3453             :     }
    3454             : 
    3455         388 :     if (!degree_output)
    3456             :     {
    3457         244 :         *out_xmin =
    3458         244 :             simple_min(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3459         244 :         *out_xmax =
    3460         244 :             simple_max(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3461         244 :         *out_ymin =
    3462         244 :             simple_min(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3463         244 :         *out_ymax =
    3464         244 :             simple_max(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3465             : 
    3466         244 :         if (poSRSTarget->IsProjected())
    3467             :         {
    3468         488 :             CPLErrorStateBackuper oBackuper(CPLQuietErrorHandler);
    3469             : 
    3470             :             auto poBaseTarget = std::unique_ptr<OGRSpatialReference>(
    3471         488 :                 poSRSTarget->CloneGeogCS());
    3472         244 :             poBaseTarget->SetAxisMappingStrategy(OAMS_TRADITIONAL_GIS_ORDER);
    3473             : 
    3474             :             auto poCTBaseTargetToSrc =
    3475             :                 std::unique_ptr<OGRCoordinateTransformation>(
    3476         244 :                     OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(poBaseTarget.get(),
    3477         488 :                                                       poSRSSource));
    3478         244 :             if (poCTBaseTargetToSrc)
    3479             :             {
    3480             :                 const double dfLon0 =
    3481         244 :                     poSRSTarget->GetNormProjParm(SRS_PP_CENTRAL_MERIDIAN, 0.0);
    3482             : 
    3483         244 :                 double dfSignedPoleLat = 0;
    3484         244 :                 double dfAbsPoleLat = 90;
    3485         244 :                 bool bIncludesPole = false;
    3486             :                 const char *pszProjection =
    3487         244 :                     poSRSTarget->GetAttrValue("PROJECTION");
    3488         244 :                 if (pszProjection &&
    3489         244 :                     EQUAL(pszProjection, SRS_PT_MERCATOR_1SP) && dfLon0 == 0)
    3490             :                 {
    3491             :                     // This MAX_LAT_MERCATOR values is equivalent to the
    3492             :                     // semi_major_axis * PI easting/northing value only
    3493             :                     // for EPSG:3857, but it is also quite
    3494             :                     // reasonable for other Mercator projections
    3495         151 :                     constexpr double MAX_LAT_MERCATOR = 85.0511287798066;
    3496         151 :                     dfAbsPoleLat = MAX_LAT_MERCATOR;
    3497             :                 }
    3498             : 
    3499             :                 // Detect if a point at long = central_meridian and
    3500             :                 // lat = +/- 90deg is included in the extent.
    3501             :                 // Helps for example for EPSG:4326 to ESRI:53037
    3502         732 :                 for (int iSign = -1; iSign <= 1; iSign += 2)
    3503             :                 {
    3504         488 :                     double dfX = dfLon0;
    3505         488 :                     constexpr double EPS = 1e-8;
    3506         488 :                     double dfY = iSign * (dfAbsPoleLat - EPS);
    3507             : 
    3508         488 :                     if (poCTBaseTargetToSrc->TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3509         488 :                             1, &dfX, &dfY, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr) &&
    3510         488 :                         dfX >= xmin && dfY >= ymin && dfX <= xmax &&
    3511        1146 :                         dfY <= ymax &&
    3512         170 :                         TransformWithErrorCodes(1, &dfX, &dfY, nullptr, nullptr,
    3513         170 :                                                 nullptr))
    3514             :                     {
    3515         170 :                         dfSignedPoleLat = iSign * dfAbsPoleLat;
    3516         170 :                         bIncludesPole = true;
    3517         170 :                         *out_xmin = std::min(*out_xmin, dfX);
    3518         170 :                         *out_ymin = std::min(*out_ymin, dfY);
    3519         170 :                         *out_xmax = std::max(*out_xmax, dfX);
    3520         170 :                         *out_ymax = std::max(*out_ymax, dfY);
    3521             :                     }
    3522             :                 }
    3523             : 
    3524             :                 const auto TryAtPlusMinus180 =
    3525         163 :                     [this, dfLon0, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, out_xmin, out_ymin,
    3526        2652 :                      out_xmax, out_ymax, &poCTBaseTargetToSrc](double dfLat)
    3527             :                 {
    3528         489 :                     for (int iSign = -1; iSign <= 1; iSign += 2)
    3529             :                     {
    3530         326 :                         constexpr double EPS = 1e-8;
    3531             :                         double dfX =
    3532         326 :                             fmod(dfLon0 + iSign * (180 - EPS) + 180, 360) - 180;
    3533         326 :                         double dfY = dfLat;
    3534             : 
    3535         326 :                         if (poCTBaseTargetToSrc->TransformWithErrorCodes(
    3536         326 :                                 1, &dfX, &dfY, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr) &&
    3537         326 :                             dfX >= xmin && dfY >= ymin && dfX <= xmax &&
    3538         830 :                             dfY <= ymax &&
    3539         178 :                             TransformWithErrorCodes(1, &dfX, &dfY, nullptr,
    3540         178 :                                                     nullptr, nullptr))
    3541             :                         {
    3542         167 :                             *out_xmin = std::min(*out_xmin, dfX);
    3543         167 :                             *out_ymin = std::min(*out_ymin, dfY);
    3544         167 :                             *out_xmax = std::max(*out_xmax, dfX);
    3545         167 :                             *out_ymax = std::max(*out_ymax, dfY);
    3546             :                         }
    3547             :                     }
    3548         163 :                 };
    3549             : 
    3550             :                 // For a projected CRS with a central meridian != 0, try to
    3551             :                 // reproject the points with long = +/- 180deg of the central
    3552             :                 // meridian and at lat = latitude_of_origin.
    3553         244 :                 const double dfLat0 = poSRSTarget->GetNormProjParm(
    3554             :                     SRS_PP_LATITUDE_OF_ORIGIN, 0.0);
    3555         244 :                 if (dfLon0 != 0)
    3556             :                 {
    3557          79 :                     TryAtPlusMinus180(dfLat0);
    3558             :                 }
    3559             : 
    3560         244 :                 if (bIncludesPole && dfLat0 != dfSignedPoleLat)
    3561             :                 {
    3562          84 :                     TryAtPlusMinus180(dfSignedPoleLat);
    3563             :                 }
    3564             :             }
    3565             :         }
    3566             :     }
    3567         144 :     else if (north_pole_in_bounds && output_lon_lat_order)
    3568             :     {
    3569           3 :         *out_xmin = -180;
    3570           3 :         *out_ymin =
    3571           3 :             simple_min(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3572           3 :         *out_xmax = 180;
    3573           3 :         *out_ymax = 90;
    3574             :     }
    3575         141 :     else if (north_pole_in_bounds)
    3576             :     {
    3577           1 :         *out_xmin =
    3578           1 :             simple_min(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3579           1 :         *out_ymin = -180;
    3580           1 :         *out_xmax = 90;
    3581           1 :         *out_ymax = 180;
    3582             :     }
    3583         140 :     else if (south_pole_in_bounds && output_lon_lat_order)
    3584             :     {
    3585           3 :         *out_xmin = -180;
    3586           3 :         *out_ymin = -90;
    3587           3 :         *out_xmax = 180;
    3588           3 :         *out_ymax =
    3589           3 :             simple_max(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3590             :     }
    3591         137 :     else if (south_pole_in_bounds)
    3592             :     {
    3593           1 :         *out_xmin = -90;
    3594           1 :         *out_ymin = -180;
    3595           1 :         *out_xmax =
    3596           1 :             simple_max(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3597           1 :         *out_ymax = 180;
    3598             :     }
    3599         136 :     else if (output_lon_lat_order)
    3600             :     {
    3601         134 :         *out_xmin = antimeridian_min(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(),
    3602             :                                      boundary_len);
    3603         134 :         *out_xmax = antimeridian_max(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(),
    3604             :                                      boundary_len);
    3605         134 :         *out_ymin =
    3606         134 :             simple_min(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3607         134 :         *out_ymax =
    3608         134 :             simple_max(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3609             :     }
    3610             :     else
    3611             :     {
    3612           2 :         *out_xmin =
    3613           2 :             simple_min(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3614           2 :         *out_xmax =
    3615           2 :             simple_max(&x_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(), boundary_len);
    3616           2 :         *out_ymin = antimeridian_min(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(),
    3617             :                                      boundary_len);
    3618           2 :         *out_ymax = antimeridian_max(&y_boundary_array[0], anErrorCodes.data(),
    3619             :                                      boundary_len);
    3620             :     }
    3621             : 
    3622         388 :     return *out_xmin != HUGE_VAL && *out_ymin != HUGE_VAL &&
    3623         776 :            *out_xmax != HUGE_VAL && *out_ymax != HUGE_VAL;
    3624             : }
    3625             : 
    3626             : /************************************************************************/
    3627             : /*                               Clone()                                */
    3628             : /************************************************************************/
    3629             : 
    3630          23 : OGRCoordinateTransformation *OGRProjCT::Clone() const
    3631             : {
    3632          46 :     std::unique_ptr<OGRProjCT> poNewCT(new OGRProjCT(*this));
    3633             : #if (PROJ_VERSION_MAJOR * 10000 + PROJ_VERSION_MINOR * 100 +                   \
    3634             :      PROJ_VERSION_PATCH) < 80001
    3635             :     // See https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/pull/2582
    3636             :     // This may fail before PROJ 8.0.1 if the m_pj object is a "meta"
    3637             :     // operation being a set of real operations
    3638          23 :     bool bCloneDone = ((m_pj == nullptr) == (poNewCT->m_pj == nullptr));
    3639          23 :     if (!bCloneDone)
    3640             :     {
    3641           1 :         poNewCT.reset(new OGRProjCT());
    3642             :         auto ret =
    3643           2 :             poNewCT->Initialize(poSRSSource, m_osSrcSRS.c_str(), poSRSTarget,
    3644           1 :                                 m_osTargetSRS.c_str(), m_options);
    3645           1 :         if (!ret)
    3646             :         {
    3647           0 :             return nullptr;
    3648             :         }
    3649             :     }
    3650             : #endif  // PROJ_VERSION
    3651          23 :     return poNewCT.release();
    3652             : }
    3653             : 
    3654             : /************************************************************************/
    3655             : /*                            GetInverse()                              */
    3656             : /************************************************************************/
    3657             : 
    3658        1447 : OGRCoordinateTransformation *OGRProjCT::GetInverse() const
    3659             : {
    3660        1447 :     PJ *new_pj = nullptr;
    3661             :     // m_pj can be nullptr if using m_eStrategy != PROJ
    3662        1447 :     if (m_pj && !bWebMercatorToWGS84LongLat && !bNoTransform)
    3663             :     {
    3664             :         // See https://github.com/OSGeo/PROJ/pull/2582
    3665             :         // This may fail before PROJ 8.0.1 if the m_pj object is a "meta"
    3666             :         // operation being a set of real operations
    3667        1414 :         new_pj = proj_clone(OSRGetProjTLSContext(), m_pj);
    3668             :     }
    3669             : 
    3670        2894 :     OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions newOptions(m_options);
    3671        1447 :     std::swap(newOptions.d->bHasSourceCenterLong,
    3672        1447 :               newOptions.d->bHasTargetCenterLong);
    3673        1447 :     std::swap(newOptions.d->dfSourceCenterLong,
    3674        1447 :               newOptions.d->dfTargetCenterLong);
    3675        1447 :     newOptions.d->bReverseCO = !newOptions.d->bReverseCO;
    3676        1447 :     newOptions.d->RefreshCheckWithInvertProj();
    3677             : 
    3678        1447 :     if (new_pj == nullptr && !bNoTransform)
    3679             :     {
    3680          46 :         return OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation(poSRSTarget, poSRSSource,
    3681          46 :                                                  newOptions);
    3682             :     }
    3683             : 
    3684        1401 :     auto poNewCT = new OGRProjCT();
    3685             : 
    3686        1401 :     if (poSRSTarget)
    3687        1395 :         poNewCT->poSRSSource = poSRSTarget->Clone();
    3688        1401 :     poNewCT->m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient = m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient;
    3689        1401 :     poNewCT->bSourceLatLong = bTargetLatLong;
    3690        1401 :     poNewCT->bSourceWrap = bTargetWrap;
    3691        1401 :     poNewCT->dfSourceWrapLong = dfTargetWrapLong;
    3692        1401 :     poNewCT->bSourceIsDynamicCRS = bTargetIsDynamicCRS;
    3693        1401 :     poNewCT->dfSourceCoordinateEpoch = dfTargetCoordinateEpoch;
    3694        1401 :     poNewCT->m_osSrcSRS = m_osTargetSRS;
    3695             : 
    3696        1401 :     if (poSRSSource)
    3697        1395 :         poNewCT->poSRSTarget = poSRSSource->Clone();
    3698        1401 :     poNewCT->m_eTargetFirstAxisOrient = m_eSourceFirstAxisOrient;
    3699        1401 :     poNewCT->bTargetLatLong = bSourceLatLong;
    3700        1401 :     poNewCT->bTargetWrap = bSourceWrap;
    3701        1401 :     poNewCT->dfTargetWrapLong = dfSourceWrapLong;
    3702        1401 :     poNewCT->bTargetIsDynamicCRS = bSourceIsDynamicCRS;
    3703        1401 :     poNewCT->dfTargetCoordinateEpoch = dfSourceCoordinateEpoch;
    3704        1401 :     poNewCT->m_osTargetSRS = m_osSrcSRS;
    3705             : 
    3706        1401 :     poNewCT->ComputeThreshold();
    3707             : 
    3708        1401 :     poNewCT->m_pj = new_pj;
    3709        1401 :     poNewCT->m_bReversePj = !m_bReversePj;
    3710        1401 :     poNewCT->bNoTransform = bNoTransform;
    3711        1401 :     poNewCT->m_eStrategy = m_eStrategy;
    3712        1401 :     poNewCT->m_options = newOptions;
    3713             : 
    3714        1401 :     poNewCT->DetectWebMercatorToWGS84();
    3715             : 
    3716        1401 :     return poNewCT;
    3717             : }
    3718             : 
    3719             : /************************************************************************/
    3720             : /*                            OSRCTCleanCache()                         */
    3721             : /************************************************************************/
    3722             : 
    3723        1118 : void OSRCTCleanCache()
    3724             : {
    3725        1118 :     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3726        1118 :     delete g_poCTCache;
    3727        1118 :     g_poCTCache = nullptr;
    3728        1118 : }
    3729             : 
    3730             : /************************************************************************/
    3731             : /*                          MakeCacheKey()                              */
    3732             : /************************************************************************/
    3733             : 
    3734        7880 : CTCacheKey OGRProjCT::MakeCacheKey(
    3735             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS1, const char *pszSrcSRS,
    3736             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS2, const char *pszTargetSRS,
    3737             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    3738             : {
    3739             :     const auto GetKeyForSRS =
    3740       15760 :         [](const OGRSpatialReference *poSRS, const char *pszText)
    3741             :     {
    3742       15760 :         if (poSRS)
    3743             :         {
    3744       31418 :             std::string ret(pszText);
    3745       15709 :             const auto &mapping = poSRS->GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping();
    3746       47377 :             for (const auto &axis : mapping)
    3747             :             {
    3748       31668 :                 ret += std::to_string(axis);
    3749             :             }
    3750       15709 :             return ret;
    3751             :         }
    3752             :         else
    3753             :         {
    3754          51 :             return std::string("null");
    3755             :         }
    3756             :     };
    3757             : 
    3758        7880 :     std::string ret(GetKeyForSRS(poSRS1, pszSrcSRS));
    3759        7880 :     ret += GetKeyForSRS(poSRS2, pszTargetSRS);
    3760        7880 :     ret += options.d->GetKey();
    3761       15760 :     return ret;
    3762             : }
    3763             : 
    3764             : /************************************************************************/
    3765             : /*                           InsertIntoCache()                          */
    3766             : /************************************************************************/
    3767             : 
    3768        3769 : void OGRProjCT::InsertIntoCache(OGRProjCT *poCT)
    3769             : {
    3770             :     {
    3771        7538 :         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3772        3769 :         if (g_poCTCache == nullptr)
    3773             :         {
    3774         178 :             g_poCTCache = new lru11::Cache<CTCacheKey, CTCacheValue>();
    3775             :         }
    3776             :     }
    3777        3769 :     const auto key = MakeCacheKey(poCT->poSRSSource, poCT->m_osSrcSRS.c_str(),
    3778        3769 :                                   poCT->poSRSTarget,
    3779        3769 :                                   poCT->m_osTargetSRS.c_str(), poCT->m_options);
    3780             : 
    3781        3769 :     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3782        3769 :     if (g_poCTCache->contains(key))
    3783             :     {
    3784        1080 :         delete poCT;
    3785        1080 :         return;
    3786             :     }
    3787        2689 :     g_poCTCache->insert(key, std::unique_ptr<OGRProjCT>(poCT));
    3788             : }
    3789             : 
    3790             : /************************************************************************/
    3791             : /*                            FindFromCache()                           */
    3792             : /************************************************************************/
    3793             : 
    3794        4448 : OGRProjCT *OGRProjCT::FindFromCache(
    3795             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poSource, const char *pszSrcSRS,
    3796             :     const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget, const char *pszTargetSRS,
    3797             :     const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions &options)
    3798             : {
    3799             :     {
    3800        4448 :         std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3801        4448 :         if (g_poCTCache == nullptr || g_poCTCache->empty())
    3802         337 :             return nullptr;
    3803             :     }
    3804             : 
    3805             :     const auto key =
    3806        8222 :         MakeCacheKey(poSource, pszSrcSRS, poTarget, pszTargetSRS, options);
    3807             :     // Get value from cache and remove it
    3808        8222 :     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> oGuard(g_oCTCacheMutex);
    3809        4111 :     CTCacheValue *cachedValue = g_poCTCache->getPtr(key);
    3810        4111 :     if (cachedValue)
    3811             :     {
    3812        1935 :         auto poCT = cachedValue->release();
    3813        1935 :         g_poCTCache->remove(key);
    3814        1935 :         return poCT;
    3815             :     }
    3816        2176 :     return nullptr;
    3817             : }
    3818             : 
    3819             : //! @endcond
    3820             : 
    3821             : /************************************************************************/
    3822             : /*                            OCTTransform()                            */
    3823             : /************************************************************************/
    3824             : 
    3825             : /** Transform an array of points
    3826             :  *
    3827             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3828             :  * @param nCount Number of points
    3829             :  * @param x Array of nCount x values.
    3830             :  * @param y Array of nCount y values.
    3831             :  * @param z Array of nCount z values.
    3832             :  * @return TRUE if a transformation could be found (but not all points may
    3833             :  * have necessarily succeed to transform), otherwise FALSE.
    3834             :  */
    3835        1102 : int CPL_STDCALL OCTTransform(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform,
    3836             :                              int nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z)
    3837             : 
    3838             : {
    3839        1102 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTTransform", FALSE);
    3840             : 
    3841             :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3842        1102 :         ->Transform(nCount, x, y, z);
    3843             : }
    3844             : 
    3845             : /************************************************************************/
    3846             : /*                           OCTTransformEx()                           */
    3847             : /************************************************************************/
    3848             : 
    3849             : /** Transform an array of points
    3850             :  *
    3851             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3852             :  * @param nCount Number of points
    3853             :  * @param x Array of nCount x values.
    3854             :  * @param y Array of nCount y values.
    3855             :  * @param z Array of nCount z values.
    3856             :  * @param pabSuccess Output array of nCount value that will be set to TRUE/FALSE
    3857             :  * @return TRUE if a transformation could be found (but not all points may
    3858             :  * have necessarily succeed to transform), otherwise FALSE.
    3859             :  */
    3860           0 : int CPL_STDCALL OCTTransformEx(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform,
    3861             :                                int nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z,
    3862             :                                int *pabSuccess)
    3863             : 
    3864             : {
    3865           0 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTTransformEx", FALSE);
    3866             : 
    3867             :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3868           0 :         ->Transform(nCount, x, y, z, pabSuccess);
    3869             : }
    3870             : 
    3871             : /************************************************************************/
    3872             : /*                           OCTTransform4D()                           */
    3873             : /************************************************************************/
    3874             : 
    3875             : /** Transform an array of points
    3876             :  *
    3877             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3878             :  * @param nCount Number of points
    3879             :  * @param x Array of nCount x values. Should not be NULL
    3880             :  * @param y Array of nCount y values. Should not be NULL
    3881             :  * @param z Array of nCount z values. Might be NULL
    3882             :  * @param t Array of nCount time values. Might be NULL
    3883             :  * @param pabSuccess Output array of nCount value that will be set to
    3884             :  * TRUE/FALSE. Might be NULL.
    3885             :  * @since GDAL 3.0
    3886             :  * @return TRUE if a transformation could be found (but not all points may
    3887             :  * have necessarily succeed to transform), otherwise FALSE.
    3888             :  */
    3889          15 : int OCTTransform4D(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform, int nCount,
    3890             :                    double *x, double *y, double *z, double *t, int *pabSuccess)
    3891             : 
    3892             : {
    3893          15 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTTransform4D", FALSE);
    3894             : 
    3895          15 :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3896          15 :         ->Transform(nCount, x, y, z, t, pabSuccess);
    3897             : }
    3898             : 
    3899             : /************************************************************************/
    3900             : /*                      OCTTransform4DWithErrorCodes()                  */
    3901             : /************************************************************************/
    3902             : 
    3903             : /** Transform an array of points
    3904             :  *
    3905             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3906             :  * @param nCount Number of points
    3907             :  * @param x Array of nCount x values. Should not be NULL
    3908             :  * @param y Array of nCount y values. Should not be NULL
    3909             :  * @param z Array of nCount z values. Might be NULL
    3910             :  * @param t Array of nCount time values. Might be NULL
    3911             :  * @param panErrorCodes Output array of nCount value that will be set to 0 for
    3912             :  *                      success, or a non-zero value for failure. Refer to
    3913             :  *                      PROJ 8 public error codes. Might be NULL
    3914             :  * @since GDAL 3.3, and PROJ 8 to be able to use PROJ public error codes
    3915             :  * @return TRUE if a transformation could be found (but not all points may
    3916             :  * have necessarily succeed to transform), otherwise FALSE.
    3917             :  */
    3918           0 : int OCTTransform4DWithErrorCodes(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform,
    3919             :                                  int nCount, double *x, double *y, double *z,
    3920             :                                  double *t, int *panErrorCodes)
    3921             : 
    3922             : {
    3923           0 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "OCTTransform4DWithErrorCodes", FALSE);
    3924             : 
    3925           0 :     return OGRCoordinateTransformation::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3926           0 :         ->TransformWithErrorCodes(nCount, x, y, z, t, panErrorCodes);
    3927             : }
    3928             : 
    3929             : /************************************************************************/
    3930             : /*                           OCTTransformBounds()                       */
    3931             : /************************************************************************/
    3932             : /** \brief Transform boundary.
    3933             :  *
    3934             :  * Transform boundary densifying the edges to account for nonlinear
    3935             :  * transformations along these edges and extracting the outermost bounds.
    3936             :  *
    3937             :  * If the destination CRS is geographic, the first axis is longitude,
    3938             :  * and *out_xmax < *out_xmin then the bounds crossed the antimeridian.
    3939             :  * In this scenario there are two polygons, one on each side of the
    3940             :  * antimeridian. The first polygon should be constructed with
    3941             :  * (*out_xmin, *out_ymin, 180, ymax) and the second with
    3942             :  * (-180, *out_ymin, *out_xmax, *out_ymax).
    3943             :  *
    3944             :  * If the destination CRS is geographic, the first axis is latitude,
    3945             :  * and *out_ymax < *out_ymin then the bounds crossed the antimeridian.
    3946             :  * In this scenario there are two polygons, one on each side of the
    3947             :  * antimeridian. The first polygon should be constructed with
    3948             :  * (*out_ymin, *out_xmin, *out_ymax, 180) and the second with
    3949             :  * (*out_ymin, -180, *out_ymax, *out_xmax).
    3950             :  *
    3951             :  * @param hTransform Transformation object
    3952             :  * @param xmin Minimum bounding coordinate of the first axis in source CRS.
    3953             :  * @param ymin Minimum bounding coordinate of the second axis in source CRS.
    3954             :  * @param xmax Maximum bounding coordinate of the first axis in source CRS.
    3955             :  * @param ymax Maximum bounding coordinate of the second axis in source CRS.
    3956             :  * @param out_xmin Minimum bounding coordinate of the first axis in target CRS
    3957             :  * @param out_ymin Minimum bounding coordinate of the second axis in target CRS.
    3958             :  * @param out_xmax Maximum bounding coordinate of the first axis in target CRS.
    3959             :  * @param out_ymax Maximum bounding coordinate of the second axis in target CRS.
    3960             :  * @param densify_pts Recommended to use 21. This is the number of points
    3961             :  *     to use to densify the bounding polygon in the transformation.
    3962             :  * @return TRUE if successful. FALSE if failures encountered.
    3963             :  * @since 3.4
    3964             :  */
    3965          25 : int CPL_STDCALL OCTTransformBounds(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hTransform,
    3966             :                                    const double xmin, const double ymin,
    3967             :                                    const double xmax, const double ymax,
    3968             :                                    double *out_xmin, double *out_ymin,
    3969             :                                    double *out_xmax, double *out_ymax,
    3970             :                                    int densify_pts)
    3971             : 
    3972             : {
    3973          25 :     VALIDATE_POINTER1(hTransform, "TransformBounds", FALSE);
    3974             : 
    3975          25 :     return OGRProjCT::FromHandle(hTransform)
    3976          25 :         ->TransformBounds(xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax, out_xmin, out_ymin, out_xmax,
    3977          25 :                           out_ymax, densify_pts);
    3978             : }
    3979             : 
    3980             : /************************************************************************/
    3981             : /*                         OGRCTDumpStatistics()                        */
    3982             : /************************************************************************/
    3983             : 
    3984        1118 : void OGRCTDumpStatistics()
    3985             : {
    3986             : #ifdef DEBUG_PERF
    3987             :     CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Total time in proj_create_crs_to_crs(): %d ms",
    3988             :              static_cast<int>(g_dfTotalTimeCRStoCRS * 1000));
    3989             :     CPLDebug("OGR_CT", "Total time in coordinate transformation: %d ms",
    3990             :              static_cast<int>(g_dfTotalTimeReprojection * 1000));
    3991             : #endif
    3992        1118 : }

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